THE FAMILY OF DOGS

WOLVES , JACKALS AND FOXES ALL BELONG TO ONE FAMILY, THE FAMILY OF DOGS . THEY ARE FOUND ON EVERY CONTINENT EXCEPT ANTARCTICA. THEY LIVE IN THE FOREST AND ON THE STEPPES , IN THE MOUNTAINS AND ON THE PLAINS , IN THE TUNDRA AND IN THE DESERT.
THE LEGS OF ANIMALS IN THIS FAMILY ARE LONG AND WELL SHAPED . THE PAWS HAVE STRONG , BLUNT CLAWS . ALL THE ANIMALS RUN FAST , SOME AT THE SPEED OF 65 KILOMETERS AN HOUR . THE HAIR IS THICK AND VARIOUS SHADES OF GREY AND RED . SOME OF THE ANIMALS ARE STRIPED. ONE OF THE AFRICAN JACKAL IS CALLED THE STRIPPED JACKAL . THE AFRICAN WILD DOG HAS WHITE , BLACK AND YELLOW SPOTS . THIS IS THE ONLY WILD ANIMAL THAT HAS HAIR OF THREE COLOURS .

THE LARGEST AND THE SMALLEST ANIMAL OF DOG FAMILY IS THE WOLF. IT CAN RUN VERY FAST WITH A GOAT OR SHEEP ON ITS SHOULDER THAT YOU CAN HARDLY CATCH UP WITH IT EVEN ON A GOOD RACE HORSE. IT IS VERY TRUE TO SAY THAT THE WOLF LIVES BY ITS FEET. SOMETIMES IT RUNS 60 KILOMETERS A DAY IN SEARCH OF PREY . AND NOT ALWAYS DOES IT FIND IT , EVEN RUNNING THAT DISTANCE . IT IS NOT EASY FOR AN ANIMAL IN THE WILD TO FIND FOOD . FOR THSI REASON, WHEN A WOLF MAKES A GOOD KILL ,  IT GORGES ITSELF. IT CAN EAT 10 KILOGRAMS OF MEAT AT ONE TIME. THE WOLF HAS VERY STRONG JAWS . IT CAN CRUSH LARGE BONES EASILY .

THE JACKAL IS THE MOST CUNNING MEMBER OF THE  DOG FAMILY. PEOPLE DON'T LIKE IT BECAUSE IT IS A TERRIBLE THIEF. WHAT CUNNING IT SHOWS ! IF A JACKAL WANTS TO CATCH A CROW OR MAGPIE , IT LIES DOWN BY THE ROAD AND MAKE IT BELIEVE THAT IT IS DEAD . WHEN THE BIRD SEES THE JACKAL , IT COMES DOWN TO PECK AT THE DEAD FLESH . UP JUMPS THE CUNNING JACKAL , AND THAT IS THE END OF THE BIRD.
THERE ARE MANY TALES ABOUT THE CUNNING FOX , BUT THEY ARE ALL UNTRUE. THE WOLF AND THE JACKAL ARE FAR MORE CUNNING THAN THE FOX. IT IS CERTAINLY NOT A CAPRICIOUS ANIMAL . IT NEVER HUNTS JUST TO KILL . IT FEEDS MAINLY ON BARN AND FIELD MICE . IT IS A MASTER AT CATCHING THESE RODENTS THAT DO SO MUCH DAMAGE TO FARMS.

THE FENNEC IS THE SMALLEST RELATIVE OF THE DOG BUT HAS THE BIGGEST EAR . IT IS AS SMALL AS A KITTEN , BUT ITS EARS WOULD BE SUITABLE FOR A BIG SHEEP DOG. THESE CHARMING ANIMALS LIVE IN THE HOTTEST PLACE ON THE EARTH , THE SAHARA . ALL DAY THE FENNECS HAVE TO HIDE FROM THE BLISTERING SUN IN DEEP AND COOL BURROWS . ONLY TOWARD EVENING DO THEY ALL CRAWL OUT AT ONCE AND SIT QUIETLY NEAR THEIR BURROWS, WAITING FOR THE DAY TO COOL OFF .IF THE SUN STILLS BURNS , THEY LIE DOWN AND COVER THEIR HEADS WITH THEIR BUSHY TAILS, AS THOUGH  THE TAILS WERE UMBRELLAS . AT LONG LAST IT IS PLEASANTLY COOL . THE FENNEC SUDDENLY STIFFENS ITS BIG EARS . IT HAS HEARD SOMETHING ! IT CREEPS TO WHERE A LIZARD MAY HAVE JUMPED . A DESERT LARK MAY HAVE STIRRED IN ITS SLEEP . IMAGINE HOW LITTLE NOISE THAT WOULD MAKE . BUT THE FENNEC HEARS EVERYTHING . IT KNOWS EXACTLY WHERE THE BIRD IS HIDING . IT CREEPS FORWARD AGAIN LIKE A SHADOW, STOPS AND LEAPS. THERE ! IT HAS ITS VICTIM IN ITS TEETH.

THE ELEMENTS OF PROSE

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THE STANDARD UNITS OF PROSE TEXTS IN ENGLISH -FROM THE HUMBLEST OFFICE MEMO TO THE LONGEST NOVEL-ARE WORDS , SENTENCES,AND PARAGRAPHS.

THERE ARE LARGER UNITS-CHAPTERS,FOR EXAMPLE-AND SMALLER UNITS AS WELL;' MORPHEMES' , OR THE ATOMS OF LANGUAGE ,SUCH AS THE WORD- FORMING ELEMENTS EN -AND - ING AND THE ROOT DUR, ALL GOING TO MAKE  THE WORD ENDURING.BUT SUCH UNITS HAVE LITTLE BEARING OF GOOD STYLE.

ENGLISH HAS AN ENOURMOUSLY RICH VOCABULARY, LARGER AND MORE VARIED  THAN THAT OF ANY OTHER LANGUAGE. THIS GREAT ADVANTAGES AND FEW DANGERS.

THE MAIN ADVANTAGES ARE; VARIETY AND PRECISION.THE CORRESPONDING DANGERS ARE NEEDLESS VARIATION AND HIGH FAULT IN WORDING.
THE VARIETY OF SYNONYMS GIVES WRITERS AND SPEAKERS GREAT SCOPE OF EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION.
SUPPOSE YOU ARE DEALING WITH THE IDEA OF HAPPINESS,AND HAVE USED THE WORD' HAPPY' SEVERAL TIMES ALREADY.YOU CAN TURN PERHAPS TO CHEERFUL.GRATIFIED,BLITHE,OR BUOYANT INSTEAD. IF YOU WANT SOMETHING A LITTLE MORE SLANGY,  YOU MIGHT TRY JAUNTY, OR COCK-A-HOOP.

THE VARIETY OF SYNONYMS ALSO ENABLES WRITERS AND SPEAKERS TO AVOID AMBIGUITY. SO MANY ENGLISH  WORDS  HAVE MULTIPLE SENSES .THE WORD REVOLTING,TO TAKE A SIMPLE EXAMPLE,CAN MEAN EITHER REBELLING OR DISGUSTING ACCORDING TO THE CONTEXT. FOR EXAMPLE -THE PEASANTS ARE REVOLTING-REPLACE REVOLTING WITH EITHER OF ITS SYNONYMS,REBELLING OR DISGUSTING AND THE AMBIGUITY DISAPPEARS AT ONCE.

THE OTHER GREAT BENEFIT BY THE VERBAL TREASURE HOUSE OF ENGLISH IS PRECISION. IF YOU WANT TO CAPTURE  THE IDEA OF A SERENE AND HAPPINESS, THE WORD BEATIFIC IS AVAILABLE;AND CELEBRATING KIND OF HAPPINESS,EXULTANT OR JUBILANT. A SIMILAR PRECISION AND VARIETY CAN BE FOUND AMONG THE SYNONYMS FOR OLD,FOR EXAMPLE EVERY OLD PERSON OBJECTS TO BE CALLED AS AN. AGEING DANDY. IT WAS WRITTEN BY THE EDITOR OF THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH, WHO OBJECTED  TO BEING DESCRIBED AS AN AGEING DANDY;

NOBODY WOULD DESCRIBE AN OLD BUILDING IN GOOD REPAIR AS AGING . ONLY A DISSUED AND CRUMBLING DUMB WITH CRACKED PAINT AND PEALING PLASTER GETS DESCRIBED AS AGING . FOR FUTURE REFERENCE LET ALL AUTHORS KNOW THAT JUST AS THE PREFERRED APPELLASION FOR FURNITURE OF A CERTAIN AGE IS ANTIQUE AND FOR MONUMENTS ANCIENT AND FOR WINE ,VINTAGE AND FOR SOLDIERS VETERAN AND FOR CLERGY MAN , VULNERABLE FOR HACKS IS , FOR WANT FOR A BETTER WORD SEASONED . 

ANIMALS LIFE IN ZOO

CAGED AND SAFE OR WILD AND FREE?

THE FUNDING CRISIS AT MANY ZOOS HAS REOPENED TH E DEBATE OVER THE VALUE OF ZOOS AND WHETHER THEY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO EXIST AT ALL .
PEOPLE WHO ARE IN FAVOUR OF ZOOS ARGUE THAT THEY PERFORM A SPECIAL ROLE IN CONSERVING THE RARE ANIMAL SPECIES. CONSERVATIONALISTS ESTIMATE THAT TODAY ATLEAST 1000 SPECIES OF ANIMALS ARE THREATENED . OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS ZOOS HAVE DEVELOPED PROGRAMMES DESIGNED TO HELP PRESERVE TO HELP ENDANGERED SPECIES . THIS INVOLVES BREEDING ANIMAL IN CAPTIVITY - IN " CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMMES " - AND THEN REINTRODUCING THEM INTO THEIR NATURAL HABITS TO REPLINISH THE NUMBER LIVING IN THE WILD.

WOBURN ABBEY , FOR EXAMPLE , SAVED A SPECIES CALLED THE PERE DAVID'S DEER . THE SPECIES WENT LARGELY UN RECORDED IN CHINA FROM 1920 . BUT THE FEW OF THE ANIMALS WERE BROUGHT TO EUROPE BY A FRENCH MISSIONARY [FATHER DAVID] . RECENTLY WOBURN ABBEY AND OTHER ZOOS BEGAN RETURNING BREEDING COUPLES OF PERE DAVID'S DEER TO THE WILD IN CHINA .

ZOOS CO-OPERATE WITH EACH OTHER IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SUCCESS OF THEIR BREEDING PROGRAMMES . ANIMALS ARE PASSED FROM ONE ZOO TO ANOTHER IN ORDER TO PREVENT IN BREEDING - BREEDING FROM CLOSELY RELATED ANIMALS . IF ANIMALS THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER MATE, THERE IS A DANGER THAT THEY WILL PRODUCE DEFORMED OFF SPRING .
SUPPORTERS OF ZOOS ARGUE THAT THEY HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EDUCATING CHILDREN , MILLIONS IF WHOM VISIT ZOOS EVERY YEAR . TELEVISION - VIEWING IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR ENCOUNTERING REAL ANIMALS , THEY ARGUE. ZOOS ALSO CARRY OUT IMPORTANT RESEARCH , FOR EXAMPLE ON THE BEST CONDITIONS FOR THE RARE ANIMALS TO REPRODUCE .

IF ZOOS WERE FORCED TO CLOSE IT WOULD BE DISASTROUS  FOR WORLD CONSERVATION , ZOOS SUPPORTERS SAY . AND MOST ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY WOULD HAVE TO BE KILLED . ' IT DOES NOT TAKE MUCH IMAGINATION TO REALISE THAT THE CLOSURE OF ALL ZOOS WOULD MEAN THE DELIBERATE DESTRUCTION OF WILDLIFE ON A SCALE NEVER BEFORE WITNESSED' THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF ZOOS SAYS .
OPPONENTS OF ZOOS ACCEPTS THAT SOME SPECIES HAVE BEEN SAVED FROM EXTINCTION BY " CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMMES " . BUT THEY ARGUE THAT THIS OFFERS NO SOLUTION TO THE WORLDWIDE CONSERVATION CRISIS .
THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS PROTECTED BY ZOOS IS TINY COMPARED WITH OVER - ALL PROBLEM.IT COSTS MILLIONS TO SAVE THE ARABIAN ORYX FROM DYING OUT; BUT COULD THAT AMOUNT BE FOUND FOR EVERY SPECIES THAT IS ENDANGERED ? THE VALUE OF ZOO BREEDING PROGRAMME IS ALSO QUESTIONED AS SOME SPECIES SUCH AS AFRICAN ELEPHANT COULD NOT REPRODUCE WELL IN CAPTIVITY .
CAPTIVE ANIMALS ARE ALWAYS KEPT IN POOR AND INHUMAN CONDITIONS , OPPONENTS SAY . IN THE WORST ZOOS , ANIMALS ARE STILL DISPLAYED FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OF THE PUBLIC. WHERE ANIMALS ARE PLACED IN IMPOVERISHED AND UNSUITABLE SURROUNDINGS, THEY OFTEN BEHAVE IN ABNORMAL AND NEUROTIC WAYS . IT IS COMMON FOR POLAR BEARS TO CONSTANTLY PACE UP  AND DOWN OR TWIST THEIR HEADS AND CIRCLE OVER AND OVER AGAIN . THIS BEHAVIOUR IS NOW RECOGNISED BY THE SCIENTISTS AS A SIGN OF STRESS AND FRUSTRATION .

WHEN CHILDREN VISIT ZOOS WHERE ANIMALS ARE ACTING IN NEUROTIC AND ABNORMAL WAYS, THEY ARE NOT BEING EDUCATED . INSTEAD OPPONENTS SAY, THEY ARE BEEN GIVEN AN INACCURATE PICTURE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR . A MORE PRECISE AND INFORMATIVE IMPRESSION IS AVAILABLE TO CHILDREN EVERY DAY - THROUGH WILDLIFE PROGRAMMES ON TELEVISION.

VEGETARIANISM

VEGETARIANISM

VEGETARIANISM PROMOTES A NATURAL WAY OF LIFE.BUT DESPITE ITS IMPLICIT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSAL LOVE AND NON -VIOLENCE IT HAS NOT SPREAD ,AS IT SHOULD HAVE.THIS MAY BE BECAUSE IT USUALLY IS AN INWARD LOOKING HABIT AND IS BEST CULTIVATED IN THE MIND .

LEADING A VEGETARIAN WAY OF LIFE HELPS THE ANIMAL KINGDOM TO CO-EXIST WITH MAN.THE ANIMALS SUPPLY MILK,MANURE AND ENERGY.THIS HAS BEEN CENTRAL TO THE INDIAN CULTURE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. A VEGETARIAN LIFE STYLE IS NATURAL,MULTIFACETED AND HELPS SELF-PRESERVATION IN A HEALTHY WAY.FOOD AND HEALTH ARE CLOSELY RELATED.

IN INDIA A VEGETARIAN  IS  USUALLY A LACTO -VEGETARIAN. IN THE WESTERN WORLD VEGETARIANS ARE SUBDIVIDED AS 'VEGANS[PURE VEGETARIANS WHO DO NOT TAKE COMING FROM ANIMAL KINGDOM],LACTO-VEGETARIANS,WHO USE DAIRY PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM AND LACTO-OVO-VEGETARIANS.THE LAST CATAGORY INCLUDES EGGS,IN ADDITION TO DAIRY PRODUCTS .

THE WESTERN SCIENCE OF FOOD CONSIDERS FOOD AS SOMETHING TO SUSTAIN ONLY THE HUMAN BODY,WHEREAS THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONSIDERS FOOD AS SOMETHING  WHICH SUSTAINS NOT ONLY THE BODY,BUT ALSO MAINTAINS THE  PURITY OF HEART,MIND AND THE SOUL.THUS AN ITEM OF FOOD WHICH IS INJURIOUS TO THE MIND IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE FIT FOR CONSUMPTION,EVEN IF IT IS OTHERWISE BENEFICIAL TO THE BODY OR SATISFIES THE TASTE.INDIAN FOOD SCIENCE DOES NOT GIVE SO MUCH IMPORTANCE TO PROTEIN OR EVEN TO THE TASTE BALANCED DIET BUT IT GIVES IMPORTANCE TO FOOD THAT INCREASES  THE STRENGTH OF THE BODY AND ITS VIRILITY. VEGETARIAN FOODS PROVIDE AN INFINITE VARIETY OF FLAVOURS WHEREAS NON-VEGETARIAN FOODS HAVE HARDLY ANY TASTE OF THEIR OWN . INFACT NON-VEGETARIAN FOODS HAVE TO BE SEASONED WITH INGREDIENTS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM TO MAKE THEM PALATABLE.

IN MOST SPORTS DISCIPLINES, VEGETARIANS LEAD IN ENDURANCE TESTS. ' YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT'  IS AN OLD SAYING AND IT IS A FACT THAT IT IS A FOOD THAT MAKES A MAN. THE  FOOD WE EAT ITS QUALITY, QUANTITY, ITS TIMING AND  COMBINATION IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE TO HEALTHY LIFE.

IT IS SIGNIFICANT THAT IN USA  NEARLY 30 TO 40 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE ADOPTED VEGETARIANISM IN TH LEAST DECADE.MORE AN D MORE INTELLECTUALS IN UK,GERMANY;FRANCE,SWITZERLAND,ITALY,ISRAEL,MEXICO,RUSSIA AND ITS FORMER ALLIES ARE GRADUALLY TURNING TO VEGETARIAN DIET ONLY ON ETHICAL AND HUMANITARIAN GROUNDS BUT ALSO FOR HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL REASONS.
IN UK SURYEVS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE MEDICAL BILLS OF VEGETARIANS ARE CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THE NON - VEGETARIANS . FURTHER, THE PREMIUM RATES OF INSURANCE IN SOME CATEGORIES ARE ALSO LOWER THAN THOSE OF NON VEGETARIANS . EXTENSIVE STUDY BY A GROUP OF MUMBAI DOCTORS HAVE CONFIRMED THAT VEGETARIANISM OFFERS PROTECTIVE FROM CORONARY DISEASES . IT PREVENTS AND HELPS MANAGEMENT OF MOST OF THE GASTRO INTESTINAL DISEASES . IT PREVENTS AND HELPS ALL NON INSULIN DEPENDENT AND INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETICS . NEPHROLOGISTS  USE THE DIET AS A MAJOR PART OF THE THERA PEUTICS . A VEGETARIAN DIET IS MORE USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVER DISORDER INCLUDING THE LAST STAGE OF LIVER FAILURE , WHEN THE DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT IS TO BE REDUCED . LACTO - VEGETARIAN DIETS WITH THEIR HIGH FIBER CONTENT , LOW ACID AND HIGH VITAMIN AND MINERALS PREVENT AND TO A CERTAIN EXTENT RELIEVE THE PAIN FELT WITH THE PROGRESSION OF ARTHRITIS. 

HOW TO CHOOSE DICTIONARY?

HOW TO CHOOSE DICTIONARY

MOSTLY PEOPLE GO TO DICTIONARIES FOR THE MEANINGS AND SPELLINGS OF THE  WORDS .BUT THERE IS A GREAT DEAL TO BE FOUND IN A GOOD DICTIONARY .IT CAN HELP YOU TO PRODUCE GOOD ENGLISH. IT IS YOUR BEST FRIEND IN THE QUEST TO INCREASE YOUR COMMAND OVER WORDS. ALWAYS BEAR IN MIND, THAT BIGGEST IS NOT BEST FOR YOU.THE LARGEST DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH IS OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY.IT FILLS 20 SUBSTANTIAL VOLUMES OF TIGHT PRINT AND IS A MAGNIFICENT WORK OF SCHOLARSHIP .
IT GIVES OVER 19 PAGES ON THE VERB FORM OF THE WORD SAID ALONE . IT WILL ALSO TELL YOU A GREAT DEAL ABOUT VARIANT SPELLINGS USED , SAY , BY 15 CENTURY SCOTTISH POETS . ALMOST ALL DICTIONARY WITH A SECTION AT HE BEGINNING TELLING HOW TO USE THEM . WHEN YOU GET HOME WITH YOUR NEW PURCHASE OR NEXT TIME YOU TAKE IT DOWN READ IT'S INTRODUCTORY SECTIONS . THEY WILL GIVE YOU A GREAT DEAL OF INFORMATION . SOMETIME YOU MAY HAVE TO THINK LITTLE WHEN DECIDING WHICH HEAD WORD TO TURN TO . THERE ARE FEW EASY RULES TO HELP YOU HERE - THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS FULL OF IRREGULARITIES AND YOU WILL FOUND YOURSELF DEVELOPING AND INSTINCT FOR WHERE TO LOCATE WORDS .SO BEAR IN MIND THAT THE SAME WORD OR WHAT APPEARS TO BE THE SAME WORD - CAN BE HEAD WORD FOR TWO OR MORE QUIET DIFFERENT ENTRIES . TAKE THE WORD LEAGUE IN THE BOOK AND FILM A TITLE 20000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA . CLEARLY IT INDICATES SOME KIND OF MEASUREMENTS IN DISTANCE . THE PROBLEM HERE IS THAT THERE ARE TWO WORDS SPELT  LEAGUE EACH WITH A QUITE DISTINCT ITYMOLOGY AND SET OF MEANINGS . IN MORE DICTIONARY SOME WORDS THAT SOUND AND ARE SPELT THE SAME BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS ARE GIVEN- SEPARATE ENTRIES . A SIMILAR GROUP IS' HOMOGRAPHS'- WORDS OF THE SAME SPELLING BUT DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATION SUCH AS 'TO ROW '[ A BOAT ] AND TO ROW [ WITH YOUR NEIGHBOUR ] . THESE ARE ALSO TREATED SEPARATELY .

EACH DICTIONARY HAS IT'S OWN SYSTEMS FOR SHOWING PRONUNCIATION . STUDYING THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION EXPLAINING THIS . MOST DICTIONARY FOR NATIVE ENGLISH- SPEAKERS STILL USE SOME KIND OF RESPELLING SYSTEM . IN SUCH A SYSTEM THE ELEMENTS OF THE WORDS  ARE MADE TO LOOK AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE LIKE NORMAL SPELLING PATTERN . ALL BRITISH DICTIONARIES GIVE THE PRONUNCIATION IN RP[ RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, ROUGHLY BBC ENGLISH ] . SOME ALSO INDICATES THE GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION . SOME DICTIONARIES - PARTICULARLY THOSE FOR FOREIGN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH , BUT ALSO AN INCREASING NUMBER OF THOSE FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS - USE THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET TO SHOW PRONUNCIATION . THIS IS A SPECIALLY DEVISED SET OF SYMBOLS THAT CAN BE USED TO SHOW EXACT PRONUNCIATION IN ALL LANGUAGES . IT IS CERTAINLY THE MOST ACCURATE AND FLEXIBLE SYSTEM . THE ONLY TROUBLE IS THAT IT USES SEVERAL SYMBOLS UNFAMILIAR TO THE GENERAL READERS , AND CAN TAKE A LITTLE TIME TO LEARN . MANY DICTIONARY WILL GIVE YOU GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORD YOU ARE LOOKING UP. MAKE SURE YOU TAKE IT IN. 

ART OF WRITING ENGLISH

ART OF WRITING ENGLISH

 MOST WRITING IS A PRIVATE ACTIVITY BUT A PUBLIC SERVICE . YOU MAY DASH OFF A PROTEST LETTER IN THE SOLITUDE OF YOUR STUDY OR COMPILE A REPORT IN THE OFFICE AFTER EVERYONE HAS GONE HOME FOR THE NIGHT OR SCRIBBLE A FEW SECRET PARAGRAPH OF YOUR ROMANTIC NOVELS AT THE KITCHEN TABLE WHILE THE BABY IS SLEEPING, BUT IN EACH CASE YOUR INTENTION IS THE SAME - THAN FEELINGS FROM YOUR MIND TO ANOTHER MIND.

THE HALLMARKS OF GOOD WRITING THEN ARE THE HALLMARKS OF ALL GOOD COMMUNICATION . THE HALLMARKS ARE AS FOLLOWS - ACCURACY , APPROPRIATENESS , ATTENTIVENESS TO YOUR AUDIENCE , AVOIDANCE OF  AMBIGUITY , CORRECTNESS[ OF USAGE AND GRAMMAR ] , CLARITY , CONSISTENCY , CONCRETENESS .

SINCE WRITING IS PRIMARILY FOR COMMUNICATION YOU HAVE TO KEEP YOUR READER CONSTANTLY IN MIND AS YOU WRITE. THIS IS NOT ALWAYS SO EASY TO DO , YOU MAY OFTEN BECOME VERY INWARD LOOKING STRUGGLING TO PUT YOUR THOUGHTS INTO WORDS AND GET THE WORDS DOWN ON PAPER . IT IS NOT SO DIFFICULT TO THINK YOURSELF INTO THE MIND OF ANOTHER PERSON , YOU PROBABLY DO IT EVERYDAY  WHENEVER YOU SPEAK TO ANYONE . YOU SHOULD TYPE NEATLY OR AVOIDING A PERSONAL SHORT HAND THAT ONLY YOU CAN FOLLOW . IF YOU FAIL TO CLARIFY YOUR IDEAS YOU WILL PUT THE READER TO A GREAT DEAL OF TROUBLE . AT EVENTUALLY YOUR WRITING WILL BECOME THE READING MATTER OF SOMEONE ELSE THAT YOUR PRIVATE WORDS WILL GO PUBLIC . WRITING IN ANOTHER WORDS IS ABOVE ALL FOR COMMUNICATION - FOR CONVEYING IDEAS . SO TO WRITE ENGLISH IN PERFECT MANNER FIRST OF ALL WE WILL HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE RULES OF GRAMMAR . IN GRAMMAR WORDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THERE PARTS OF SPEECH - THE PART THEY PLAY IN THE SENTENCE . SO THERE ARE 9 DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH .

NOUNS - HORSE, MILK , DAMNATION , MONDAY , JACK

VERBS- GO , CONTEMPLATE , BE , MUST .

ADJECTIVES - HAPPY , ENTHUSIASTIC , AWAKE .

ADVERBS- SADLY , SOON , VERY , HOWEVER.

PRONOUNS - I , SHE , EVERYONE , YOURSELF

DETERMINERS - A , THE , MY , EVERY , ANY

PREPOSITIONS - IN , OFF , OPPOSITE , REGARDING

CONJUCTIONS - AND , OR , WHILE , IF ,THAT

INTERJECTIONS - OH! , WELL! , ALAS!

MOST SENTENCES IN ENGLISH START WITH THE PATTERN SUBJECT - VERB AND SO ON . THE OTHER CONSTITUENTS THAT CAN APPEAR IN SENTENCES ARE OBJECTS [IT IS THE PERSON OR THING THAT THE VERB ACTS UPON - DOG BITES MAN  , I ATE AN ICECREAM. THE OBJECTS HERE ARE MAN AND ICECREAM .

SOME VERBS CAN HAVE TWO OBJECTS i.e, THEY COOKED ME A DINNER  AND YOU HAVE SAVED ME $5 . SO THE OBJECT THAT COULD BE INTRODUCED BY TWO OR FOR IS CALLED THE INDIRECT OBJECT , OTHER OBJECTS ARE CALLED DIRECT OBJECTS .

THE COMPLEMENTS GIVE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT EITHER THE OR THE OBJECT . SUBJECTS , COMPLEMENTS ARE IN A SENSE EQUAL TO THE SUBJECT AND THE OBJECT COMPLEMENTS ARE IN A SENSE EQUAL TO THE OBJECT i. e, HENRY IS CONFUSED AND WILLIAM BECAME KING OF ENGLAND . SO IN  BOTH SETS OF EXAMPLES HE COMPLEMENTS ARE CONFUSED AND KING OF ENGLAND .

ADVERBIALS GIVES FURTHER INFORMATIONS OFTEN SHOWING HOW OR WHERE OR WHEN THE VERB HAPPENS  IN THE SAME WAY THAT AN ADVERB DOES . FOR EXAMPLE-- HE DID IT WITH GUSTO;I WENT THERE ON TUESDAY ; MARY SAW THAT PICTURE IN PARIS . SO THE PHRASES WITH GUSTO , ON TUESDAY , IN PARIS ARE ADVERBS .

WHEN NOUNS ARE USED LIKE ADJECTIVES 
SOMETIMES NOUNS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE OTHER NOUNS - RATHER LIKE ADJECTIVES . IN THE PHRASE THE YORKSHAIRE  CHILDLABOUR INQUIRY REPORT SCANDAL , ALL THE WORDS EXCEPT THE ARE NOUNS - YORKSHAIRE,  CHILDLABOUR , INQUIRY ,REPORT ARE USED TO DESCRIBE SCANDAL .

VERB-
VERBS ARE DEFINED AS' DOING WORDS ' - WORDS THAT  INDICATE WHAT IS BEING DONE IN A SENTENCE . BUT THIS IS NOT ALWAYS HELPFUL  . IN THE SENTENCE - THIS IS HARD WORK , PERSUMABLY WHAT IS BEING DONE IS WORK .  BUT WORK HERE IS A NOUN , WHERE AS THE VERB IS IS. SO THE BEST TEST FOR A VERB IS THIS ;  DOES IT HAVE FORMS THAT INDICATE WHETHER  THE ACTION TAKES PLACE NOW OR AT SOMETIMES IN THE PAST- WORK /WORKED , TAKE /TOOK BUT SOME VERBS DO NOT CHANGE THEIR FORMS . FOR EXAMPLE - SPREAD/ SPREAD , HIT/ HIT 

The impact of tourism

GOVERNMENTS HAVE SEIZED ON TOURISM AS A WAY OF CREATING EMPLOYMENT  AND BRINGING INCOME - PREFERABLY FOREIGN EXCHANGE - INTO TROUBLED ECONOMIES.  FOR YEARS TOURISM CAPACITY TO FILTER WEALTH THROUGH COMMUNITIES HAS BEEN A MAJOR ARGUMENT IN IT'S  FAVOUR . THE TOURIST SPENDS ON ACCOMMODATION, FOOD AND SOUVENIRS , BRINGING INCOME TO THE SUPPLIERS OF THESE GOODS AND SERVICES WHOSE MONEY WILL IN TURN CIRCULATE THROUGH THE ECONOMY .

BUT IF THE HOTELS ARE FOREIGN OWNED , LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE TO GAIN . NOR ARE THEY BETTER OFF IF TOURISTS STAY IN THEM BUT COME PREPARED TO BE SELF BY SUFFICIENT . IN BOTH CASES TOURISTS ARE OFTEN STRONGLY RESENTED BY LOCALS,WHO SEE HUGE INCREASE IN PRICES AS THE ONLY TANGIBLE RESULT OF TOURISM'S ECONOMIC IMPACT . 

JOB CREATION IS ANOTHER COMMON SPIN-OFF FROM TOURISM . GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDISE  TOURISM PROJECT IN THE EXPECTATION OF INCREASING EMPLOYEMENT OPPORTUNITIES  IN THE NEW HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. BUT SEARCH WORK IS FREQUENTLY POORLY PAID AND IS SEASONAL . LOCAL PEOPLE MAY BE NEITHER  WILLING TO DO DEMEANING UNSKILLED JOBS NOR HIGHLY TRAINED ENOUGH TO BE MANAGERS AND ENTREPRENEURS , THEY STAND ON THE SIDELINES WHILE EXPATRIATE STAFF AND MIGRANTS FILL THE VACANCIES  .  SOCIAL TENSION SURFACE ALL TOO EASILY IN SUCH SITUATIONS . 

ANY KIND OF CHANGE BRING TENSION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TENDS TO EXAGGERATE THE GENERATION GAP AS THE YOUNG MASTERS NEW SKILLS AND THE OLDER GENERATIONS FIND ITS TRADITIONS DEVALUED OR REJECTED . TOURISTS BRINGS WITH THEM VERY DIFFERENT CULTURES AND IDEAS , DEMONSTRATED BY THE WAY THEY DRESS AND BEHAVE , AND THESE MAY BE VERY ATTRACTIVE TO THE YOUNG GENERATION .

ON THE BEACHES AND BAR STRIPS OF ASIA , AFRICA AND THE PACIFIC YOU CAN SEE HOW READILY YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LURED  FROM THEIR VILLAGES BY THE PROMISE OF BRIGHT LIGHTS AND MONEY . 

A COUNTRY'S CULTURE IS OFTEN THE MAJOR ATTRACTION , PARTICULARLY WHEN IT CAN BE COMBINED WITH   SUN , SEA AND SAND . IN THAILAND , AS IN MANY COUNTRIES WITH A RICH HERITAGE TOURISTS DEMANDS HAVE GIVEN A   MUCH NEEDED BOOST TO  
LOCAL ARTS AND CRAFTS AFTER ALL , A LOCAL ECONOMY CAN ONLY STAND SO MANY BASKET  POTS AND CARVINGS . THE PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN ARTS FESTIVAL FROM EDINBURG TO HONG  KONG , HAS BROUGHT  TOURISTS IN TO FESTIVAL GIVEN SOME OF THEIR INHABITANTS ACCESS TO GLOBAL CULTURE . BUT WHAT OF THEIR OWN CULTURE ? THE STORY HERE IS LESS ROSY . 

IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT , EVEN THE MOST BLINKERED TOURISTS IS FACED WITH THE TOURISM THE TOURIST DESTROY THE VERY THINGS THEY HAVE COME FROM 

IN KENYA , A COUNTRY THAT DEPENDS ON THE TOURISM , THERE IS REALLY DANGER OF TOURIST POLLUTION IN THE MOST POPULAR GAME PARKS . ANIMALS IN THE AMBOSELL RESERVE ARE CONSTANTLY DISTURBED BY TOURIST BUSES , THEIR PREY SCATTERED , THEIR FEEDING GROUNDS DAMAGED . IF THE ANIMALS DISAPPEAR  ,SO MAY TOURISM.

THE HORDES WILL ALWAYS COME TO CERTAIN PLACES , BUT TOURISM IS A FICKLE INDUSTRY . WHAT IS POPULAR NOW MAY NOT BE NEXT SEASON , AND GOVERNMENT WHO INGNORE THIS CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM ARE TAKING A RISK . SRI LANKA AND PHILLIPPINES ARE THE GREAT EXAMPLES OF THE COUNTRIES WHOSE DEPENDENCE ON THE TOURISM HAS PROVED A DISSASTROUS POLICY . TOURISTS NATURALLY AVOID GOING ANYWHERE , THAT IS PERCIEVED TO BREUNSAFE AND BADD PUBLICITY , SENDS TOURISTS NUMBER PLUMMETING . 

IT WOULD BE TEMPTING FACED WITH SUCH DEPRESSING EVIDENCE OF TOURISMS IMPACT , TO THROW UP OUR HANDS IN DESPAIR AND GO HOME . BUT THAT WOULD DENY THE VERY REAL JOYS OF TRAVEL AND HOSPITALITY THAT ARE ALSO PART OF TOURISM EXPERIENCE ..................

ENGLISH SPEAKING TIPS

HOW TO  SPEAK BETTER ENGLISH?

SPEAKING WELL CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON YOUR PROFESSIONAL AND PRIVATE LIFE .YOU MAY NOT REALISE HOW IMPORTANT  THE SOUND OF YOUR VOICE IS , OR HOW MUCH YOU YOURSELF JUDGE OTHER PEOPLE  BY THE WAY THEY SOUND . YET EXPERTS MAINTAIN THAT THE IMPRESSION YOU MAKE ON OTHERS OFTEN OWES MUCH MORE TO HOW YOU SPEAK -THE PITCH AND EXPRESSIVENESS AND CLARITY OF YOUR VOICE , FOR EXAMPLE - THAN TO WHAT YOU ACTUALLY SAY.

A POLITICIAN MAY HAVE A HARSH , STRIDENT VOICE, OR PERHAPS A JERKY , HALTING OF SPEAKING , EITHER WAY, THIS IS LIKELY TO IRRITATE AUDIENCES AND SO AFFECT THE SPEAKER'S PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS.
NO ONE, HOWEVER NEEDS TO BE A SLAVE TO POOR SPEAKING HABITS . THESE HABITS CAN BE BROKEN AND BREAKING THEM WILL CERTAINLY BE WORTH THE EFFORT  . IMPROVE YOUR  SPEECH , AND YOU BOOST YOUR CONFIDENCE , SHARPEN THE IMPRESSION YOU MAKE ON OTHERS, AND COMMUNICATE MORE EFFECTIVELY , AT WORK , IN PUBLIC, AND IN YOUR PRIVATE LIFE.

NOT THAT, IN LEARNING TO SPEAK  BETTER, YOU SHOULD EVER SPEAK IN A WAY THAT IS UNNATURAL TO YOU. YOUR VOICE IS UNIQUE TO YOU , JUST AS YOUR FINGERPRINTS ARE, - ASS BY APING A SUPPOSEDLY CORRECT ACCENT IS TO DISTORT YOUR PERSONALITY AND EMOTIONAL RANGE WHEN SPEAKING.

WHAT ARE VOICE AND SPEECH?
THE FIRST STEP IN ACQUIRING GOOD SPEECH HABITS IS  UNDERSTANDING WHY YOU SOUND AS YOU DO , AND LEARNING HOW TO INCREASE THE POWER , VERSATILITY, AND CONTROL OF YOUR VOICE AND SPEECH.

CLARITY
THE CLARITY OF YOUR SPEECH IS DETERMINED BY THE SPEECH ORGANS IN YOUR MOUTH , YOUR TONGUE , LIPS, PALATE, TEETH, AND JAW . FOR CLEAR SPEECH, THESE ORGANS NEED TO FORM A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SOUNDS VERY RAPIDLY. THEY CANNOT DO THEIR WORK PROPERLY IF THEY ARE EITHER TENSE OR LAZY- ALL THAT THEY PRODUCE IN EACH OF THESE CASES IS  INDISTINCT MUMBLING .


DON'T FORGET THAT THE SPEAKING IS ESSENTIALLY A PHYSICAL PROCESS . YOU WILL NOT SIMPLY BE DEVELOPING  A GREATER AWARENESS OF YOURSELF AND  YOUR SPEAKING HABITS ;YOU WILL ALSO BE TRAINING MUSCLES ,MUCH AS AN ATHLETE DOES, EXERCISING YOUR BODY SO THAT YOU PRODUCE A BETTER SPEAKING VOICE.

PARENTHOOD THROUGH ADOPTION

ADOPTION MEANS ESTABLISHING A BOND BETWEEN A COUPLE [THE ADOPTERS ] AND THE CHILD THE[ ADOPTEE] WHICH IS LEGALLY , SOCIALLY  AND MORALLY EQUIVALENT TO  THAT BETWEEN PARENTS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL PARENTS . THE ADOPTIVE COUPLE ASSUME THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO THE CHILD  AS IN A BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP AND SO DOES THE ADOPTED CHILD TOWARDS HIS ADOPTIVE PARENTS . 

ADOPTION HAS BEEN PREVALENT IN INDIA SINCE ANCIENT TIMES . HOWEVER UNTIL THE RECENT PAST IT HAS BEEN MAINLY TO FULFILL THE NEEDS  OF THE PARENTS i.e, TO HAVE A MALE CHILD TO PERFORM THE LAST RITES OR TO ACQUIRE AN HEIR TO INHERIT  THE FAMILY NAME AND PROPERTY . CHILDLESS COUPLE OR THOSE WITHOUT A MALE CHILD USUALLY ADOPTED A CHILD FROM THEIR OWN EXTENDED FAMILY OR AT LEAST BELONGING TO THEIR OWN CASTE AND COMMUNITY . THE CHILD'S NEEDS WERE SECONDARY , ALTHOUGH USUALLY A STRONG PARENT CHILD BOND DID DEVELOP. 

TODAY WHEN A COUPLE DECIDES TON ADOPT THE ABOVE REASONS CONTINUE TO BE THE MAJOR MOTIVATING FACTOR . ALMOST EQUALLY POTENT IS THE DESIRE TO AVOID THE STIGMA ATTACHED TO BARRENNESS . HOWEVER, MORE COUPLES ARE NOW HAVING RESERVATIONS ABOUT ADOPTING A CHILD WHOSE PARENTS ARE KNOWN TO THEM AND ARE INSTEAD SEEKING CHILDREN ABOUT WHOSE BACKGROUND THEY MAY HAVE LITTLE OR NO INFORMATION . THIS IS TO AVOID DIVIDED LOYALTIES AND POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE IN THE CARE AND UPBRINGING OF THE CHILD THEY ADOPT . 

WHILE INDIA CONTINUES TO HAVE A HIGH BIRTH RATE , THERE ARE ALSO THOUSANDS OF COUPLES WHO ARE CHILDLESS . IN THEIR DESPERATION TO BECOME PARENTS THEY GO FROM PILLAR TO POST AND FREQUENTLY THOUSANDS OF RUPEES IN TRYING ON VARIOUS METHODS LIKE IN - VITRO FERTILISATION   WHICH STILL HAVE A VERY LOW SUCCESS RATE . MANY APPROACH HOSPITALS AND PRIVATE NURSING HOMES AND WITH ACTIVE ASSISTANCE OF MEDICAL AND OTHER STAFF OBTAIN UNWANTED CHILDREN BORN THERE IN OFTEN CLANDESTINELY . UNFORTUNATELY NOT MANY PEOPLE EEM TO BE AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF DESTITUTE CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONS LANGUISHING FOR WANT OF A  LOVING HOME . OR THAT THERE ARE COMPETENT CHILD WELFARE WHICH CAN HELP THEM TO FULFILL THEIR DESIRE FOR A CHILD AT THE SAME TIME ENSURING THAT THEIR INTEREST AND THOSE OF CHILD ARE FULLY PROTECTED FROM ALL ANGLES INCLUDING THE IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CONFIDENTIALITY . DETAILS ABOUT SUCH ORGANISATIONS ARE AVAILABLE WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT  OR DIRECTORATE OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND COUPLES SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING ADOPTION WOULD DO BETTER TO APPROACH ONLY SUCH ORGANISATIONS RATHER THAN DEPENDING ON THE DUBIOUS AND UNRELIABLE ASSISTANCE OF UNAUTHORISED PERSONS IN HOSPITALS AND NURSING HOMES . 

IN THE METROPOLITAN CITY LIKE MUMBAI THERE HAS BEEN AN ENCOURAGING RISE IN THE NUMBER IF LEGAL INDIAN ADOPTION TAKING PLACE FROM LESS THAN 25 ADOPTIONS A YEAR TWO DECADES AGO , TO 279 IN 1990  . THE ADOPTION OF GIRL CHILD HAS ALSO BEEN STEADILY ON THE INCREASE , ALTHOUGH IT IS STILL NOWHERE NEAR THE NUMBER OF MALE ADOPTIONS . WITH THE BREAKING OF THE JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM , COUPLES ARE REALISING THAT THEIR SONS WILL NOT NECESSARILY ALWAYS BE AROUND TO LOOK AFTER THEM IN THEIR OLD AGE AND THERE IS AN EQUAL IF NOT BETTER CHANCE OF THEIR RECEIVING LIFE LONG CARE AND AFFECTION FROM A DAUGHTER , AS FROM A SON . THE SITUATION RELATING TO ADOPTION IS MORE CONSERVATIVE CITIES AND TOWNS , AND IN RURAL AREAS , IS STILL PRETTY BLEAK

Global warming

Hi everyone. I'm sure you are all aware that the biggest environmental threat that we are facing today is global warming. It is adversely affecting the biodiversity , climatic conditions and ecological balance of the earth.

What is global warming ? Global warming is the continuous and steady increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are the prime reasons for global warming . Other processes like burning of fossil fuels , use of fertilizers , CFC'S and UV rays reaching the earth from a hole in the ozone layer of the atmosphere are also contributing to global warming .Thus , our technological advancement , population , expansion , industrial expansion , deforestation and unchecked urbanisation have led us to this life threatening situation.

The dissastrous impact of global warming can be seen in the form of floods,cyclones, tsunamis, droughts, landslides , melting glaciers , unexpected climatic changes and outbreaks of epidemics . We have disturbed the balance of nature and it is time we took serious steps to save the situation from worsening. We must put a stop to deforestation and plant more and more trees to reduce level of carbon dioxide in the air. We must reduce the emissions of CFCs through regulating the use of refrigerators, ac , deodorants and perfumes . Use of cleaner fuels , recycling of waste , use of LED bulbs and energy efficient devices can help us to reduce global warming.