LAUGHTER [THE BEST THING IN LIFE]]

THE ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE SO BUSY IN THIS MATERIALISTIC WORLD THAT THEY ALWAYS FORGET TO LAUGH. EVERY BODY IS RUNNING BEHIND THE LUXURIOUS THINGS  AND WANTS TO GET ALL COMFORTS OF LIFE AT ANY COST, WHETHER  HE OR SHE MAY LOSE HIS OR HER HEALTH. WHILE GETTING ALL WORLDLY THINGS THE PEOPLE ALWAYS FORGET TO LAUGH OR EVEN TO SMILE. IN THAT WAY, THEY BECOME SICK AND NOT PAY ATTENTION TOWARDS THEIR HEALTH .HERE I WANT TO SUGGEST THAT OUR HEALTH IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR US, FOR HEALTH  LAUGHING IS MUST..IF WE WANT TO LIVE A LIFE WITHOUT DISEASE WE SHALL HAVE TO LEARN TO LAUGH, FOR THIS ,WE WILL HAVE TO FORGET ALL OUR TENSIONS, WORRIES AND ANXIETIES  NOT FOREVER BUT FOR A TIME BEING. I HAVE GIVEN BELOW SOME JOKES ,YOU WILL SURELY FORGET YOUR ALL TENSIONS FOR SOME TIME AND GET RELAXED.
                   ''A WOMAN ANNOUNCES HER FRIEND THAT SHE IS GETTING MARRIED FOURTH TIME. 'HOW WONDERFUL! BUT I HOPE YOU DON'T MIND ME ASKING WHAT HAPPENED TO YOUR FIRST HUSBAND?
                 ' HE ATE POISONOUS MUSHROOMS AND DIED'
                 OH NO' HOW TRAGIC! WHAT ABOUT YOUR SECOND HUSBAND?
                 HE ATE POISONOUS MUSHROOMS TOO AND DIED.
        OH HOW TERRIBLE! I'M ALWAYS AFRAID TO ASK YOU ABOUT YOUR THIRD HUSBAND .
           HE DIED OF A BROKEN NECK '
        A BROKEN NECK'
   BECAUSE HE WOULD NOT EAT MUSHROOMS.

              ONCE AN ITALIAN FELLOW  IS BRAGGING TO HIS FRIEND ABOUT HIS SONS.
          '  I AM  SO PROUD  OF MY OLDEST SON, HE MAKES FIVE THOUSAND DOLLAR A YEAR! HE IS A ENGINEER. I AM EVEN MORE PROUD OF MY SECOND SON , HE MAKES FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLAR A YEAR ,HE IS A DOCTOR .BUT I FEEL THE PROUDEST OF MY YOUNGEST SON, HE MAKES THE FIVE MILLION DOLLAR A YEAR, HE'S A SPORTS MECHANIC , THE ITALIAN SAYS HE CAN FIX EVERYTHING, HE FIXES THE HORSE RACES,HE FIXES THE BOXING MATCHES.
     
A REPORTER ASKED A BANK PRESIDENT, 'SIR, WHAT IS THE SECRET OF YOUR SUCCESS? 
      TWO WORDS
 AND WHAT ARE THEY,
   RIGHT DECISIONS,
 AND HOW DO YOU MAKE RIGHT DECISIONS?
    ONE WORD
 WHAT IS THAT
   EXPERIENCE
 AND HOW DO YOU GET EXPERIENCE
  TWO WORDS
  AND WHAT ARE THEY
  WRONG DECISIONS.


       ONE DAY THE OWNER OF A LARGE FACTORY DECIDED TO MAKE A SURPRISE VISIT AND CHECK UP ON HIS STAFF , WALKING THROUGH THE PLANT ,HE NOTICED A YOUNG MAN LEAN ING AGAINST A POST .THE OWNER ASKED ANGRILY AT ONCE ,THE YOUNG MAN REPLIED ,'ONE THOUSAND BUCKS'. THE OWNER TOOK OUT RS 1000 AND SLAPPED THE MONEY IN TO THE BOY'S HANDS AND SAID ,''HERE IS THE WEEK'S PAY- NOW GET OUT AND DON'T COME BACK.'' TURNING TO ONE OF THE SUPERVISORS ,HE SAID ,''HOW LONG THAT LAZY BUM BEEN WORKING HERE ANYWAY?'' THE SUPERVISOR SAID ,''HE DOES'NT WORK HERE, HE WAS HERE JUST TO DELIVER PIZZA.''

   ONCE THE MORON  WENT TO AN EYE SPECIALIST TO GET HIS EYES TESTED AND ASKED ,'DOCTOR ,I WILL  BE ABLE TO READ AFTER WEARING GLASSES? THE DOCTOR SAD ,'YES OF COURSE, WHY NOT !' THE MORON SAID WITH JOY , ''OH HOW NICE IT WOULD BE,I HAVE BEEN ILLITERATE FOR SO LONG.''

       THE YOUNG  WOMAN ASKED HER LOVER, A MORON, ''DARLING,IF WE GET ENGAGED, WILL YOU GIVE ME A RING?''  THE MORON REPLIED, ''SURE, WHAT'S YOUR PHONE NUMBER?''.

     MORON; I WOULD LIKE SOME VITAMINS FOR MY GRANDSON.
     SALES CLERK; SIR , VITAMIN A, B AND C
     MORON:  ANY WILL DO ,MY  GRANDSON MY GRANDSON DOESN'T KNOW THE ALPHABET YET.

     ONCE THE MORON  WAS IN MUMBAI . HE WAS WALKING ON A STREET ,WHICH HAD A CLOCK TOWER WHEN SOMEONE ASKED HIM IF HE WANTED TO BUY THE CLOCK ON THE TOWER. HE SAID ,'YES'
'GIVE ME THOUSAND RUPEES AND I WILL GO GET A LADDER.' THE MAN TOOK THE RUPEES AND DISAPPEARED. HAVING WAITED FOR SEVERAL HOURS THE MORON FIGURED HE WAS TAKEN. ON THE NEXT DAY ,THE MORON WAS  WALKING ALONG THE SAME ROAD AND THE SAME MAN ASKED HIM TO BUY THE CLOCK. 'GIVE ME THOUSAND RUPEES  AND  I WILL GO GET A LADDER,'' THE MORON GAVE HIM THE THOUSAND AND SAID,''I AM NOT A FOOL.THIS TIME YOU WAIT , I WILL GO GET A LADDER.''

'WHERE THERE IS A WILL, THERE IS A WAY'

'WHERE THERE IS A WILL , THERE IS A WAY'
             

             
               WILL IS A POWER THAT CAN MOVE EVEN MOUNTAINS. IN SIMPLE WORDS WE MAY CALL IT DETERMINATION. THE PROVERB WHICH FORMS THE SUBJECT OF THIS ESSAY , EMPHASIZES , THE IMPORTANCE OF  WILL OR DETERMINATION. IT MEANS THAT A MAN OF DETERMINATION CAN DO WHAT HE LIKES. BY THE POWER OF WILL HE CAN HAVE HIS WAY IN EVERYTHING. IFS AND BUTS ARE THE MUTTERINGS OF WEAKNESS, FOR ALL DIFFICULTIES VANISH WHEN CONFRONTED WITH WILL FORCE AS DO THIEVES WHEN BOLDLY FACED.
                                                                        EVEN A CURSORY STUDY OF THE HISTORY  OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION TELLS US THAT ALL GREAT THINGS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN ACHIEVED BY MEN OF WILL. GREAT MEN BECOME BECAUSE FROM CHILDHOOD ONWARD THEY HAD WILLED TO BE GREAT. THE NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENCE ,ART AND LITERATURE ARE THE RESULT OF ENDEAVOURS OF MEN OF WILL WHO WORKED AGAINST HEAVY ODDS TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS. A FEW EXAMPLES WOULD SUFFICE TO DRIVE THE POINT HOME. COLUMBUS COULD DISCOVER AMERICA  ONLY BECAUSE HE STOOD FIRM LIKE ROCK AGAINST ALL THE STORMS OF DIFFICULTIES THAT THREATENED HIM. MR. AND MADAM CURIE COULD DISCOVER RADIUM - A GREAT BOON TO HUMANITY  ONLY BECAUSE THEY WERE PERSONS OF WILL, PREPARED TO LAY DOWN EVEN THEIR LIVES IN THE PURSUIT OF THEIR IDEAL. GREAT CONQUERORS, LIKE NAPOLEON OR HITLER  WERE ALL MEN OF DETERMINATION WHOSE WILL FORCE CARRIED EVERYTHING BEFORE IT. COMING NEARER HOME, WE GET THE INSPIRING EXAMPLE OF THE IMMENSE FORCE HILLARY AND TENZING WHOM , NOT EVEN ALL THE DANGERS  OF HIGH ALTITUDES, COULD WEAKEN IN THEIR RESOLVE TO REACH THE TOP OF EVEREST . URGED BY THE IMMENSE WILL FORCE, GANDHI JI DEMONSTRATED TO THE WORLD THAT EVEN THE MIGHTIEST EMPIRE CAN BE CONQUERED BY NON VIOLENCE. HE CONCLUSIVELY SHOWED THAT IT IS WILL THAT COUNTS AND NOT THE PHYSICAL MIGHT.         
     
                                                                                                                  WHILE MEN OF WILL CAN HAVE THEIR OWN WAY IN ALL THINGS ,THOSE OF WEAK WILL CAN DO NOTHING. LIKE THE WATER REED THEY ARE BLOWN THIS WAY AND THAT WAY BY EVERY PASSING WIND.THEY ARE DISTRACTED FROM THEIR AIMS BY EVERY OBSTACLE THAT COMES IN THEIR WAY. A DRUNKARD RESOLVES IN THE MORNING NEVER TO DRINK AGAIN,BUT IN EVENING WE FIND HIM IN HIS CUPS. A STUDENT DETERMINES TO READ AT LEAST SIX HOURS EVERY DAY BUT THEN ,THERE APPEARS  A FRIEND , AN ACQUAINTANCE ,AND THE RESOLVE OF A MOMENT BEFORE FORGOTTEN AND THE DAY IS WASTED IN IDLE GOSSIP. THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE LOST THEIR WILL POWER OR HAVE NEVER TRIED TO CULTIVATE IT. THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH THEM ,EXCEPT THAT THEY LACK IN SINGLENESS OF PURPOSE - IN THAT PRESERVANCE  WHICH CARLYLE CONSIDERED TO BE BUT ANOTHER NAME FOR GENIUS.     
                                                                             NOT ONLY BUT BAD THINGS AS WELL CAN BE ACHIEVED ONLY THROUGH WILL POWER. A THIEF CAN STEAL AND A ROBBER CAN ROB ONLY IF THEY HAVE DETERMINED TO DO SO, AND HAVE SUFFICIENT POWER FOR THE PURPOSE. THEY CAN HAVE THEIR WAY ONLY IF THEY ARE ENDOWED WITH ENOUGH FORCE OF WILL, OTHERWISE THE LEAST NOISE WILL FRIGHTEN THEM AND THEY WILL TAKE TO THEIR HEELS WITH THEIR PURPOSE UNACHIEVED. MURDERERS HAVE IMMENSE WILL POWER ,OTHERWISE THEY WILL NEVER BE ABLE TO COMMIT THE DEED. BUT WILL POWER SHOULD BE APPLIED ONLY TO DO GOOD THINGS.IF IT IS USED TO ACHIEVE EVIL,THE FORCES OF GOOD WITHIN US WOULD CERTAINLY WEAKEN AND STULTIFY IT.
                                                                                                        THIS FORCE THROUGH WHICH WE CAN HAVE OUR WAY IN ALL THINGS AND WHICH OPENS OUT IMMENSE POSSIBILITIES FOR US , SHOULD BE CULTIVATED ALL THROUGH LIFE. IN THE FIRST INSTANCE THE OBJECTIVE WE PLACE BEFORE US SHOULD BE EASY OF ACHIEVEMENT AND WE SHOULD MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ACHIEVE IT AND MUST NOT BE DEFLECTED FROM OUR PATH BY ANY SUGGESTION OF OTHERS OR BY ANY DIFFICULTIES. THEN WE SHOULD CONCENTRATE OUR ATTENTION ON HIGHER OBJECTIVES,MORE DIFFICULT TO ATTAIN. IN THIS WAY WOULD BE BUILT UP A STORE OF WILL POWER, WHICH CAN THEN BE DEVELOPED FURTHER BY BEING DEVOTED TO AIMS,NOBLE AND GOOD.
                                   SO WILL IS A GREAT FORCE BOTH FOR GOOD AND EVIL. IT MAKES  IMPOSSIBLE THINGS POSSIBLE. THE STORY OF MAN'S PROGRESS FRO CHAOS TO ORDER, FROM BARBARISM TO CIVILIZATION, IS NOTHING BUT A STORY OF HIS WILL POWER PITTED AGAINST ALL THE HOSTILE FORCES OF NATURE.THIS WILL POWER CAN BE ACHIEVED BY ANY ONE OF US BY A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF CONCENTRATION ON NOBLE OBJECTIVES. ONCE ACQUIRED,IT WILL ENABLE US TO HAVE OUR WAY IN ALL THINGS.
     
                                                             
                                             
                         
                                     

PRECIS WRITING

A  precis pronounced / pray see/ is condensation, in your own words, of  a piece of writing- capturing the essence of its ideas. It is as much an exercise in comprehension as in writing, without understanding the original text thoroughly , you can not hope to distil its contents with any accuracy in a precis.A precis should be about one third the length of the original.What you need to concentrate on is the general drift or message of the text. Omit most of the embroidery- specific examples,details and digressions, and you may have to change the structure drastically, reordering and repacking the ideas .in to a new logical,flowing narrative.
So a precis differs from a summary, which simply abridges the original passage,often using the same wording; and it differs too from a paraphrase, which is simplified rewording of a difficult piece of writing[such as an old poem ] and does not need to be than the original.
The standard procedure for writing a precis should be as follows;

  Start by reading the original passage very carefully,two or three times if necessary,to grasp its message fully,use a dictionary to look up any word you have doubts about.

Note the main points rearranging their order if that serves the cause of a more logical development of ideas.

Write the first draft, use your own words; any direct speech, for instance, you have to redraft as indirect speech.

Revise or edit the text , concentrating on tightening the structure and reducing the number of words.Delete any needless elaborations such as an unhelpful examples or underemployed adjectives, reduce clauses to phrases where possible, and then reduce phrases to words, for example,the flabby sentence;

 When we eventually, reached the mountain,we enjoyed a well deserved lunch with the friends who had accompanied us
     could now read, far more economically,
At the summit,we had a good lunch with our companions.
Here is an example of a precis exercise from Samuel Butler's famous satire Erewhon-
This is what i gathered, that in the country Erewhon if a man falls in to ill health or catches any disorder, or fails bodily in any way before he is seventy years old, he is tried before a jury of his countrymen , and if convicted is held up to public scorn and sentenced more or less severely as the case may be.There are subdivisions  of illness in to crimes and misdemeanours as with offences amongst ourselves- a man being punished very heavily for serious illness,while failure of eyes or hearing in one over sixty five,who has had good health hitherto, is dealt with fine only, or imprisonment in default of payment.But if a man forges a cheque or sets his house on fire, or robs with violence from the person or does any other such things as are criminal in our own country,he is either taken to the hospital and most carefully tended at the public expense,or if he is in good he is in good circumstances, he lets it be known to all his friends that he is suffering from a severe fit of immorality, just as we do when we are ill, and they come and visit him with great solicitude, and inquire with interest how it all came about, what symptoms first showed themselves, and so forth-questions he will answer with perfect unreserve; for bad conduct,though considered no less deplorable than illness with ourselves and as unquestionably indicating something seriously wrong with the individual who misbehaves ,is nevertheless held to be the result either pre-natal or post - natal misfortune.
Here now is an attempt  as a precis of the passage;

If a person falls ill in Erewhon, or becomes bodily incapacitated before turning seventy,he has to undergo a trial by jury as a criminal offender.Serious illness is serious crime,and is punished severely,whereas loss of sight or hearing after sixty five is just a misdemeanour, and results only in a fine. By contrast,any act that we consider a serious crime-forgery,arson,robbery with violence and so on-though indicating something seriously wrong with the perpetrator is regarded  as arising from personal misfortune just before or after birth. Such as an attack of' 'immorality' results in free and devoted hospital care; or for the wealthy , bed -rest at home- the friends of the perpetrator come to visit and sympathise, and he tells them how it happened.
 

ns.

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Trees and forests

Man's dependence on plants is indispensable. It is this dependence for

food, shelter and clothing that has led him to explore all possible ways to

reserve plants from being lost to the ravages of natural or man-made

calamities. Accordingly, man has used different methods to overcome these

calamities. While doing so, scientists hit upon a technique whereby plants

only be restored from being lost but can also be developed into a

plant from a small plant part. This technique, called tissue culture

, subsequently proved to be a boon for mankind. Basically, tissue culture 

 is a technique by which small pieces of different parts of a plant body

called explants ) are grown on a nutritional media under completely sterile conditions. These explants divide and gradually develop either into

mass of cells called callus or after a few cell divisions differentiate

to form full-fledged plants

The concept of tissue culture dates back to 1878 when a German Botanist

ting said that from a small plant piece, a whole plant can be regeneration

ed. Later, other scientists like Haberlandt in 1902 postulated that cultivation

 of artificial embryos can be possible depending on the nutritional

A tree is a woody plant usually with a single stem. A large area well
covered with woody plants is a forest. The woody plants called shrubs
and bushes are smaller than trees and have usually more than one main
stem Trees are the largest living things on the Earth, and they live longer
than any animal. The tallest trees are mountain ashes which have grown
to well over 330 feet. The oldest trees are the Californian pines, some of
which are more than 4,500 years old. The age of a tree can be told by
counting the rings in the trunk. In most kinds of temperate trees (ie. grown
in neither very hot nor very cold climates ) , new wood is formed each year in a layer outside the wood of the previous year

The layers of wood, seen on the cut end of a felled tree, are circular and are called annual

rings. Each ring in the trunk of the wood represents one year of the tree's

life. In a year of good rainfall, the ring formed is wider than one formed

in the drier year. A record of rainfall can thus be read in tree rings.

Trees are important to our world for a number of reasons. Like all green

plants, they build up their food by the process known as photosynthesis

The by-product of this process is oxygen which is given off into the air

and replaces the oxygen which human beings and other animals take from

the atmosphere as they breathe. That is why the great forests have been

called the "lungs of the world". They make much of the oxygen we need

to live.

Did you know that around 270 eucalyptus trees or 460 bamboo plants per tonne of paper produced are saved by  the manufacture of hand made paper ?The hand made paper helps in preventing water ,land and air pollution because very small quantities of chemicals are used compared  to the large quantity of polluting chemicals used by paper mills.

Banyan is also considered unique in southern Asia because of its growth  and its shade which protects us from the burning sun.It has been a meeting point, a place of worship of man for ages.It is popular with the name of,'strangler fig' on account of its unusual growth. The birds,bats,and monkeys deposit the seeds of banyan in the rich soil, when it  grows, it sends aerial roots down the trunk of the supporting tree. So the roots that reach the ground choke the tree to prevent its trunk from being enlarged.

THE BRAIN DRAIN

''Give me your tired, your poor
your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.''
These are the words inscribed on the Statue of Liberty in New York. But
ironically, those who go there are not the poor and the wretched but the
skilled and the highly qualified doctors, engineers, scientists, nurses and
 technicians, from other countries including India.
The urge to go to the west has become compelling in India in post-independence
 years. Both the world wars and political upheavals like civil
wars and revolutions spawned' large migrations during the first half of
this century. The migrations in the latter half stem from economic motivation.
 People in power like scientists and skilled persons have, from the
very beginning, played a key role in international migration. The conscious
 policy to encourage migration of high quality manpower from other
regions and countries is related to the positive contribution made by the
immigrants to their country of adoption, resulting in a net advantage to
 it. This phenomenon of gaining qualified and skilled personnel at the cost
of the donor country is generally termed brain drain.
Perhaps the most important reason for the brain drain phenomenon is an educational
  pattern which does not serve the needs of the country. The others are  unrecognised or unrewarded talents and lack of job opportuniitesfor trained professionals. For example, the emoluments drawn by a

research worker are far less than those of a factory hand. This is the start

of the brain drain of the young.

Lure of higher salaries in hard currency

good living and favourable conditions of settling down with the family

also prompt highly qualified Indians to look to the west for jobs. The migration

of Indian manpower to the US in the 1950's and the first half of

the was limited by the US Immigration Act of 1952 which set the

annual quota at 100 for Indian nationals. The total number of Indian engineers

, scientists and physicians admitted during 1964-65 numbered more

than 1,000. However, the scene changed drastically in 1965 when the US

 immigration laws eliminated preferential treatment accorded to West Europeans

 and gave priority to immigrants with skills in short supply. As a

result, between 1966-1970, thousands of Indian professionals made their

way to the US.

What is disconcerting is that after India has proved to be the fount? of

more than one fourth of the skilled immigrants to the US, the major part of this brain drain is being borne by the medical faculties. According to

the World Health Organisation, India

is the largest donor of power in the world. 

Our  country thereby  loses not only these professionals but also the re

 sources invested in their training. For instance, the government spends

Rs 2 lakh on every IIT graduate and it is seen that one out of every three

of these settles in the US after going there for higher studies.

The earnings and remittances from the Indians settled abroad or their

eventual return are poor compensation for the lasting and serious loss

45 inflicted by their outflow. The specific objectives of the anti-brain drain

policies, within the framework of independent development, are to bring

back to a limited extent, the lost talents and skills from abroad and reduce

the outflow in the short run and finally end it except that necessitated by

genuine, multi-lateral international dependence.

THE VALUE OF HEALTH IN LIFE

PHYSICAL HEALTH AFFECTS THE MIND VICE-VERSA.FAMOUS URDU POET MIRZA GHALIB SAID, ''IF YOU ARE NOT POOR, HEALTH IS THE BEST GIFT OF GOD.'' HE MEANS TO SAY THAT A HEALTHY CAN DIGEST WHATEVER HE EATS.IF A MAN IS POOR HE SUFFERS FROM THE PANGS OF HUNGER. ACCORDING TO HINDU DHARAMASHASTRA FOUR  RARE GIFTS FOR MAN ARE- HEALTH, WEALTH , OBEDIENT SONS AND A VIRTUOUS WIFE. WHEN HEALTH IS SO IMPORTANT,WE SHOULD TRY TO PRESERVE IT.
FIRST OF ALL, WE MUST ADOPT A CAREFREE LIFE, A CAREFREE LIFE IS A TONIC; IT MAKES US HEALTHY. A LIFE FULL OF WORRIES IS A CURSE,IT EATS UP ALL THE CHARMS OF LIFE. ACCORDING TO W.H DAVIS[A FAMOUS ENGLISH POET ,''LIFE IS MEANINGLESS, IF IT IS FULL OF CARE.HE HAS RIGHTLY SAID,''WHAT IS THIS LIFE,IF FULL OF CARE; WE HAVE NO TIME TO STAND AND AND STARE.''

GOOD THOUGHTS ARE HEALTH GIVING,SHAKESPEARE WROTE,''EVIL THAT A MAN LIVES AFTER HIM.'' JAMES ALLEN SAID,''KEEP AWAY FROM EVIL IDEAS, DO NOT ENVY OTHERS; NEVER BE HOPELESS; DO GOOD AND BE GOOD.'' SO GOOD THOUGHTS ARE THE SECRET OF HEALTH, WEALTH AND POWER.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GAMES,PHYSICAL EXERCISE CAN NOT BE DENIED, IF A MAN EATS,HE SHOULD BE ABLE TO DIGEST IT. IF HE CAN NOT DIGEST HIS FOOD ,HE WILL BE ILL. SO HIS ILLNESS WILL MAKE HIM UNHEALTHY. AS OIL IS NECESSARY FOR THE SMOOTH WORKING OF A MACHINE, SIMILAR IS THE CASE WITH GAMES,AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE. SO WITHOUT CONTENTMENT AND FRUGAL LIFE NONE CAN BE HEALTHY.

HEALTH IN THE WORK PLACE
A SOUND MIND AND A SOUND BODY ARE PRE-REQUISITES FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND GOOD QUALITY WORK IN AN OFFICE,A FACTORY OR FIELD WHICH LEAD TO A SENSE OF ACHIEVEMENT AND FULFILLMENT. OUR HEALTH OF COURSE,IMPORTANT NOT ONLY FOR US BUT ALSO TO OUR FAMILIES AND EVEN TO OUR EMPLOYERS. NO WONDER THEN THAT EMPLOYERS EVERYWHERE HAVE STAKE IN THE HEALTH AND FITNESS OF THEIR EMPLOYERS AND ARE WILLING TO SPEND CONSIDERABLE MONEY TOWARDS THIS PURPOSE. JAPANESE COMPANIES PARTICULARLY EXCEL IN THIS AND THE MORE SUCCESSFUL AMONG THEM START THE DAY OFF WITH A BODY BENDING AND STRETCHING SESSION AND EVEN SINGING THE COMPANY SONG DESIGNED TO PROMOTE LOYALTY AND MOTIVATION AMONG THE WORKFORCE! THIS IS CONSIDERED  AN IMPORTANT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY. HERE IS A LESSON WHICH HAS BEEN EMULATED ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD AND COULD WORK WONDERS IN INDIA.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT SOME 20,000 AMERICAN FIRMS HAVE ESTABLISHED IN HOUSE HEALTH CLUBS.TYPICAL OF THESE IS THE MANUFACTURER OF SOFT DRINK-PEPSI,COLA WHO HAVE SPENT ABOUT 2 MILLIONS DOLLARS IN SETTING UP A HEALTH CLUB AT THEIR HEAD OFFICE NEW YORK STATE.  SUCH EXPENDITURE HAS PROVED TO BE A WISE INVESTMENT IN ACHIEVING BETTER EFFICIENCY AND HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY. IT HAS INDIRECTLY HELPED REDUCE THE PREMIUM ON THE HEALTH INSURANCE OF ITS STAFF.THIS BUSINESS HAS GROWN SO LARGE THAT HUNDREDS OF CONSULTANCIES HAVE SPRANG UP FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH CLUBS AND FITNESS CENTRES. THOUGH MANY FIRMS IN INDIA HAVE GENEROUS SCHEMES, THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS HEALTH CLUBS AND THE LIKE IS YET TO GATHER MOMENTUM.

DAY AND NIGHT

WE KNOW THAT DAY AND NIGHT ARE CAUSED BY THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH ON ITS AXIS,SO THAT FOR PART OF THE TIME A PLACE ON THE GLOBE FACES TOWARDS THE SUN AND FOR THE REST OF THE TIME IT IS TURNED AWAY FROM IT .
TO EARLY PEOPLE A DAY MEANT THE SPAN OF TIME BETWEEN SUN RISE AND SUN SET . WE STILL USE THE WORD IN THIS WAY TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM THE PERIOD OF DARKNESS THAT WE CALL NIGHT . BUT AS CIVILIZATION DEVELOPED , IT BECAME NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY DAYS MORE ACCURATELY AND TO WORK OUT WHEN THEY BEGAN AND ENDED .

THE ANCIENT GREEKS MEASURED THEIR DAY FROM SUNSET TO SUNSET . THE ROMANS , UNLIKE THE GREEKS , MEASURED THEIR DAY FROM MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT . MOST MODERN COUNTRIES USE THIS ROMAN METHOD .

BEFORE MECHANICAL CLOCKS WERE INVENTED , PEOPLE DIVIDED THE DAY AND NIGHT INTO 12 HOURS EACH , BUT THIS METHOD PROVED IMPRACTICAL BECAUSE THE LENGTH OF THE DAY DIFFERED WITH THE SEASONS . THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK HELPED IN DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF MEASURING TIME THAT IS NOW USED ALMOST EVERYWHERE . UNDER THIS SYSTEM THE DAY LAST FOR TWENTY FOUR HOURS FROM MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT . ALTHOUGH WE NO LONGER DIVIDE THE DAY AND NIGHT INTO TWELVE HOURS EACH , WE STILL USE TWO PERIODS OF TWELVE HOURS   EACH . THESE EQUAL HALVES ARE DISTINGUISHED BY THE ABBREVIATIONS A.M [ANTI MERIDIAN  , A LATIN PHRASE MEANING BEFORE MID DAY ] . FOR THE PERIOD FROM TWELVE MIDNIGHT TO TWELVE NOON , AND P.M [ POST MERIDIAN , MEANING AFTER MID DAY ] FOR THE PERIOD FROM TWELVE NOON TO TWELVE MIDNIGHT . OTHER WAYS OF SPLITTING UP THE DAY INCLUDE THE DIVISION INTO MORNING [ FROM MID NIGHT TO NOON ] , AFTER NOON [FROM NOON TO DUSK ] , AND NIGHT [ FROM DUSK TO MIDNIGHT ] . A VARIABLE PERIOD , CALLED THE EVENING , FALLS BETWEEN ABOUT FIVE P.M AND THE END OF TWILIGHT . IT IS HE PERIOD AFTER SUNSET WHEN THE SUN IS ONLY JUST BELOW THE HORIZON . IN SUMMER THE EVENINGS ARE LONGER THAN IN WINTER . 

THE USE OF PAST TENSES

THE PAST INDEFINITE[SIMPLE PAST]
PAST INDEFINITE IS USED  TO DENOTE AN ACTION IN THE PAST; AS,-WE LEARNT ENGLISH AT SCHOOL.  HE KILLED A SNAKE.
TO DENOTE A HABITUAL ACTION IN THE PAST; AS,-HE CAME TO ME EVERY  EVENING.
TO DENOTE AN ACTION GOING ON IN THE PAST; AS,-WHILE THEY DANCED[WERE DANCING]  WE SANG[WERE SINGING].

 THE PAST CONTINUOUS
THE PAST CONTINUOUS IS USED FOR AN ACTION CONTINUING AT A PARTICULAR .TIME OR DURING A PARTICULAR PERIOD IN THE PAST. THE CHIEF INTEREST IS NOT THE TIME OF ACTION, BUT I TS CONTINUITY, AS- WHEN I SAW HIM ,HE WAS PLAYING CHESS. I WAS WRITING A LETTER WHEN HE CAME TO MY HOUSE.
THIS TENSE IS ALSO USED  WITH ALWAYS ,CONTINUALLY, ETC. FOR PERSISTENT ACTIONS OR HABITS IN THE PAST. AS- HE WAS ALWAYS RINGING ME UP. HE WAS ALWAYS TROUBLING HIS PARENTS.

THE  PAST PERFECT TENSE
THE PAST PERFECT IS USED TO EXPRESS AN ACTION COMPLETED BEFORE A CERTAIN  MOMENT IN THE PAST.IT IS USED WHENEVER WE WISH TO SAY THAT SOME ACTION HAD TAKEN PLACE BEFORE ANOTHER WAS BEGUN OR COMPLETED.AS-THE PATIENT HAD DIED BEFORE THE DOCTOR CAME. I HAD FINISHED MY WORK BEFORE EVENING.
THIS TENSE IS ALSO USED TO EXPRESS SOME UNFULFILLED DESIRE.AS-I WISH MY FATHER HAD BEEN .HERE AT THIS TIME. I WISH I HAD WORKED HARDER.
IF THERE ARE TWO ACTIONS TAKING PLACE IN THE PAST- THE ACTION TH AT TOOK PLACE  FIRST IS PUT  IN THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.THE ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE LATER IS PUT IN THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE.AS,-I HAD  GONE HOME BEFORE IT RAINED.I HAD WRITTEN THE LETTER BEFORE HE ARRIVED.

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE[SIMPLE FUTURE]
FUTURE INDEFINITE IS USED FOR AN ACTION THAT HAS STILL TO TAKE PLACE; AS,-I SHALL SEE HIM TOMORROW.  THEY WILL GO TO DELHI IN THE MORNING.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
THIS TENSE IS USED TO EXPRESS AN ACTION GOING ON AT SOME POINT IN FUTURE TIME; AS,-I SHALL BE READING THE PAPER ,THEN . THEY WILL BE PLAYING A MATCH  AT THAT TIME.

THE FUTURE PERFECT
THIS TENSE IS USED TO INDICATE THE COMPLETION OF AN ACTION BY A CERTAIN FUTURE TIME; AS,-I SHALL HAVE FINISHED MY HOME WORK BY EVENING WILL HAVE CLEANED THE ROOM BEFORE YOU REACH THERE.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
IT IS USED WHEN AN ACTION, STARTED IN THE PAST,IS STILL CONTINUING. AS-HE HAS BEEN READING  ENGLISH FOR TWO YEARS.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
IT IS USED TO INDICATE THAT THE ACTIVITY WAS CONTINUOUS AND THAT WAS STILL GOING ON,AT THE NAMED POINT OR PERIOD OF TIME IN THE PAST; AS,-IT HAD BEEN RAINING SINCE MORNING WHEN YOU RANG ME UP.

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
IT IS USED WHEN AN ACTION IS TO CONTINUE TILL SOME POINT OF TIME IN THE FUTURE.AS- BY  SIX' O CLOCK  I WILL HAVE BEEN SITTING HERE FOR TEN HOURS.

MOHWA [AN IMPORTANT TREE]

THE MOHWA IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT OF INDIAN TREES,NOT FOR ITS TIMBER BUT BECAUSE OF ITS DELICIOUS AND NUTRITIVE FLOWERS. TO THE PEOPLE OF CENTRAL INDIA IT PROVIDES THE MOST IMPORTANT ARTICLE OF FOOD AS THE FLOWERS CAN BE STORED ALMOST INDEFINITELY.

THE MOHWA TREE HAS A LARGE THICK GREY BARK.MOST OF THE LEAVES FALL FROM FEBRUARY TO APRIL AND DURING THAT TIME THE SCENTED FLOWERS APPEAR HANGING IN CLOSE BUNCHES OF A DOZEN OR SO.IT IS AT NIGHT THAT THE  TREE BLOOMS AND AT DAWN EACH SHORT-LIVED FLOWER FALLS TO THE GROUND. A COUPLE OF MONTHS AFTER THE FLOWERING PERIOD, THE FRUIT OPENS. THEY ARE FLESHY GREEN BERRIES, QUITE LARGE AND CONTAIN FROM ONE TO FOUR SHINY , BROWN SEEDS. THE GATHERING OF THE EDIBLE MOHWA FLOWERS IS AN IMPORTANT BUSINESS TO THE COUNTRY PEOPLE. BELOW THE TREE THE GROUND IS CLEARED AND SWEPT AND DAWN BLOOMS ARE  COLLECTED AND ALLOWED TO DRY OUT ON THE FLATTENED EARTH. THE FLOWERS TASTE SOMETHING LIKE PRESSED FIGS ,SUGAR ,PUDDINGS AND OTHER SWEETMEATS ARE MADE FROM THEM. ALL PARTS OF THE FRUITS,BOTH RIPE AND UNRIPE ARE USED.A THICK OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM  THE KENNELS WHICH BEING YELLOWISH, GIVES IT THE NAME OF BUTTER TREE. THE OIL IS USED FOR COOKING, MAKING SOAP AND CANDLES. ANIMALS PARTICULARLY DEER AND BEARS LOVE THE FLOWERS AND DON'T MIND RISKING THE VIGILANT NIGHT E GUARDS. PEAFOWLS CAN BE SEEN AROUND THE TREES AT SUNSET AND DAWN.
CUT FLOWERS AND BRANCHES EXUDE A THICK MILKY SAP GOOD FOR CURING RHEUMATISM.THE WOOD IS HARD  AND HEAVY,WORKS EASILY AND MAKES GOOD FURNITURE. THE BARK IS USED TO CURE LEPROSY AND TO HEAL WOUNDS. TH E FLOWERS RELIEVE COUGHS, BILIOUSNESS AND HEART TROUBLE AND THE FRUITS CURE CONSUMPTION AND  BLOOD  DISEASES.

THE USE OF PRESENT TENSES

THE USE OF TENSES

THE PRESENT INDEFINITE OR [SIMPLE PRESENT]
IT IS USED TO EXPRESS A HABITUAL ACTION, AS- HE GOES OUT FOR A WALK EVERY
MORNING.  MY WATCH KEEPS GOOD TIME

TO EXPRESS GENERAL TRUTHS; AS.-FORTUNE FAVOURS THE BRAVE.  HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY.

IN EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES TO EXPRESS WHAT IS ACTUALLY TAKING PLACE AT THE PRESENT MOMENT; AS,- SEE HOW IT RAINS!, HERE COMES THE BUS!

TO INDICATE A FUTURE EVENT , PROVIDED THAT THE FUTURE TIME IS IMPLIED BY THE CONTEXT ; AS ,
HE COMES [ = WILL COME ] IN A FEW DAYS TIME . 
WE GO [ = SHALL GO ] TO SHIMLA NEXT WEEK . 
THEY LEAVE FOR LONDON BY THE NEXT FLIGHT . 
WE SAIL FOR AMERICA NEXT SATURDAY . 

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED TO EXPRESS AN ACTION GOING AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING ; AS HE IS WRITING A LETTER . HE IS ALWAYS TELLING LIES .
TO EXPRESS SOME HABITS OR CUSTOMS ; AS , SHE IS WORKING REGULARLY THESE DAYS . HE IS ALWAYS TELLING LIES .
TO INDICATE AN ACTION THAT IS PLANNED TO TAKE PLACE IN THE FUTURE ; AS , I AM GOING TO BOMBAY TOMORROW . SHE IS COMING HERE IN THE EVENING .
TO DESCRIBE A TEMPORARY ACTION WHICH MAY NOT BE ACTUALLY GOING ON AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING ; AS , I AM PLAYING CRICKET THESE DAYS . WE ARE LEARNING FRENCH AT SCHOOL .
THE CONTINUOUS TENSE IS CHIEFLY USED  FOR DELIBERATE ACTIONS . SOME VERBS ARE THEREFORE , NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM . THEY ARE USED ONLY IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT . THESE ARE AS FOLLOWS
VERB OF SENSES [ FEEL , HEAR , SEE , SMELL , TASTE , NOTICE ]
VERBS EXPRESSING FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS [ WANT , WISH , LOVE , LIKE, HATE , FEAR ,PREFER , REFUSE , HOPE ]
VERBS OF MENTAL ACTIVITY [ AGREE , APPRECIATE , UNDERSTAND , THINK , BELIEVE , KNOW , FORGET , MEAN , SUPPOSE , REMEMBER , MIND ]
VERBS OF POSSESSION [ HAVE , OWN , BELONG TO , POSSESS , OWE , CONTAIN , CONSIST OF ]
THESE VERBS MAY BE USED IN THE CONTINUOUS TENSE IF THE ACTION IS DELIBERATE AS - I AM THINKING OF A SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM . I AM MINDING MY NEW BUSINESS .

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 

THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DENOTE AN ACTION THAT HAS JUST BEEN COMPLETED AS - HE HAS REACHED HOME  SAFELY . HE HAS JUST GONE OUT .  TO DESCRIBE SOME   PAST EVENT THE  PRESENT IMPORTANCE OR EFFECT OF WHICH  IS TO BE EMPHASISED ; AS - HE HAS COME TO MY HOUSE MANY A TIME [ SO IT IS NOTHING STRANGE THAT HE HAS COME AGAIN . THIS DISEASE HAS KILLED MANY CHILDREN [ AND SO SOMETHING MUST BE DONE ABOUT IT ] .

 TO EXPRESS SOME PAST EXPERIENCE WHOSE TIME IS NOT GIVEN ; AS - MY FATHER HAS WORKED WITH GANDHIJI . I HAVE STUDIED IN THIS SCHOOL . 
TO REPRESENT A PAST ACTION AS CONTINUING TO THE PRESENT ; AS - WE HAVE LIVED HERE 10 YEARS [ WE ARE STILL LIVING HERE ] . HE HAS BEEN ILL SINCE LAST WEEK [ HE IS STILL NOT WELL ] . 
SO THE PRESENT PERFECT , SINCE IT DENOTES PRESENT TIME , CANNOT BE QUALIFIED BY AN ADVERB OR PHRASE DENOTING PAST TIME . AS WE CAN'T SAY - HE HAS COME YESTERDAY . WE SHOULD SAY HE CAME YESTERDAY .

EL NINO

EL NINO[THE COMMON NAME GIVEN TO AN UNUSUALLY WARM OCEAN CURRENT THAT RUNS ALONG THE SHORES OF SOME TROPICAL COUNTRIES]

TIME WAS WHEN PEOPLE LOOKED HEAVENWARD AND PRAYED,''YE GODS, GIVE US RAIN,KEEP DROUGHT AWAY.'' TODAY, THERE ARE THOSE WHO PRAY,'GIVE US RAIN,KEEP' EL NINO' AWAY''.
EL NINO AND ITS ATMOSPHERIC EQUIVALENT, CALLED THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION,ARE ALTOGETHER REFERRED TO AS 'ENSO', AND ARE HOUSEHOLD WORDS TODAY. METEOROLOGISTS RECOGNISE IT AS OFTEN BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR NATURAL DISASTER WORLDWIDE. BUT THIS WISDOM DAWNED ONLY AFTER COUNTRIES SUFFERED,FIRST FROM THE LACK OF KNOWLEDGE,AND THEN FROM THE LACK OF CO-ORDINATION BETWEEN POLICY-MAKING AND THE ADVANCES IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.
PUT SIMPLE,  EL NINO IS A WEATHER EVENT RESTRICTED TO CERTAIN
 TROPICAL SHORES , ESPECIALLY THE PERUVIAN COAST.THE EVENT HAS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE IMPACTS ON THE LAND AND SEA.THE PERUVIAN SHORE IS A DESERT.BUT EVERY FEW YEARS, AN UNUSUALLY WARM OCEAN CURRENT-EL NINO-WARMS UP THE NORMALLY COLD SURFACE -WATERS OFF THE PERUVIAN COAST,COAST, CAUSING VERY HEAVY RAINS IN THE EARLY HALF OF THE YEAR.
AND THEN ,MIRACULOUSLY THE DESERT IS MATTED GREEN. CROPS LIKE COTTON,COCONUTS AND BANANAS GROW ON THE OTHERWISE BARREN LAND.THESE ARE THE PERUVIAN', ''ANOS DE ABUNDENCIA,'' OR YEARS OF ABUNDANCE. THE CURRENT HAD COME TO BE TERMED EL NINO, OR THE CHRIST CHILD, BECAUSE IT USUALLY APPEARS AS AN ENHANCEMENT OF A MILDLY WARM CURRENT THAT NORMALLY OCCURS HERE AROUND EVERY CHRISTMAS.
BUT THIS BOON ON LAND IS ACCOMPANIED BY OCEANIC DISASTERS.NORMALLY THE WATERS OFF THE SOUTH AMERICAN COAST ARE AMONG THE MOST PRODUCTIVE IN THE WORLD BECAUSE OF A CONSTANT UPSWELLING  OF NUTRIENT RICH COLD WATERS FROM THE OCEAN DEPTHS. DURING AN EL NINO, HOWEVER WATERS ARE STIRRED UP  ONLY FROM NEAR THE SURFACE.THE NUTRIENT-CRUNCH PUSHES DOWN PRIMARY PRODUCTION,DISRUPTING THE FOOD CHAIN.MANY MARINE SPECIES ,INCLUDING ANCHOVETA[ANCHOVIES],TEMPORARILY DISAPPEAR.
THIS IS JUST ONE DAMNING EFFECT OF EL NINO. OVER THE YEARS ITS FULL IMPACT HAS BEEN STUDIED ,AND WHAT THE PERUVIANS ONCE REGARDED AS ''MANNA'' IS NOW SEEN AS A MAJOR THREAT.

IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN'S EDUCATION

IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN'S EDUCATION 

THE CONDITION OF WOMEN IS FAST CHANGING IN INDIA . WOMEN ARE GIVEN EQUAL RIGHTS WITH MEN AND THEY HAVE STARTED TAKING THEIR PLACE IN THE SOCIETY . THEY ARE MARCHING AHEAD IN LIFE WITH APPRECIABLE SPEED . THEY ARE PLAYING AN IMPORTANT PART IN SHAPING OUR COUNTRY TO CARRY IT TO THE 21ST CENTURY . THEY ARE EQUAL PARTNERS TO PULL ON THE FAMILIES . A CART HAS TWO WHEELS , A CART CAN NOT WORK WELL UNLESS BOTH THE WHEELS WORK WELL . WOMEN ARE NO LONGER REGARDED AS MERELY PUPPETS IN THE FOUR WALLS OF THEIR HOUSES  AS THEY USE TO DO IN THE PAST .

NAPOLEON ONCE SAID GIVE ME GOOD MOTHERS AND I WILL GIVE GOOD NATION .THINKERS HAVE SAID THE HAND THAT ROCKS THE CRADLE IS THE HAND THAT RULES THE WORLD . PRESIDENT LINCOLN HAS SAID I AM WHAT MY MOTHER MADE ME . PLATO WROTE , GOD COULD NOT BE EVERYWHERE AND THEREFORE HE MADE MOTHERS. SUCH IS THE IMPORTANCE  OF THE PART PLAYED BY WOMEN .

OUR CONSTITUTION IS DEMOCRATIC , INDIA IS A REPUBLIC . OUR CONSTITUTION IS BASED ON EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE .  NOW WOMEN ARE EQUAL TO MEN IN THE EYES OF LAW . IN PANCHAYAT ,  MUINCIPALITY , AND CORPORATION , RESERVATION OF SEATS HAS BEEN MADE  FOR THEM . IN LEGISLATURES AND PARLIAMENT THEY HAVE GOT RESERVATION ALSO . MODERN WOMEN HAVE DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES IN VARIOUS WALKS OF LIFE . SAROJINI NAIDU , VIJAYALAKSHMI PANDIT , INDIRA GANDHI , KALPANA CHAWLA AND MOTHER TERESA ARE THE IMMORTAL NAMES IN THE HISTORY OF INDIA .

WOMEN IN INDIA ARE GETTING EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING . NO DISTINCTION IS MADE NOW IN RESPECT OF THE EDUCATION OF BOYS AND GIRLS . THEY ARE BEING TRAINED FOR MEDICINE , FOR ENGINEERING , FOR COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY , FOR BANKING AND FOR ALL OTHER FIELDS . EDUCATED GIRLS ARE NOT SATISFIED WITH THE LIFE OF A HOUSEWIFE AND ARE BECOMING CAREER - CONSCIOUS . COOKING , SEWING AND EMBROIDERY ARE NO LONGER TO THEIR TASTE . WOMEN NOW ARE WORKING SHOULDER TO SHOULDER WITH MAN IN EVERY WALK OF LIFE . THEY ARE WORKING AS DOCTORS , LAWYERS , JUDGES , POLICE OFFICERS AND HAVE ENTERED MILITARY . BUT IN MY OPINION WOMEN MAKE VERY GOOD TEACHERS AS THEY ARE GIFTED WITH A NATURAL UNDERSTANDING OF CHILD AND YOUTH PSYCHOLOGY  . BEING MOTHERS THEY CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND THE NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF GROWING CHILDREN . THEY CAN EASILY WIN THEIR LOVE AND CONFIDENCE . THERE FORE WOMEN CAN PROVE SUCCESSFUL AND POPULAR TEACHERS AND TEACHING IS ALSO A LEISURE PROFESSION AS ARTS OF WORK SHORTER THAN IN ANOTHER PROFESSIONS , AND THERE ARE A LARGE NUMBER OF HOLIDAYS , THUS THEY HAVE ENOUGH TIME FOR THEIR HOUSEHOLD DUTIES AND THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE IN ANY OTHER PROFESSION .

ANOTHER IDEAL CAREER FOR WOMEN IS NURSING . IN INDIA PEOPLE ARE PREJUDICED AGAINST THIS PROFESSION BUT IN WESTERN COUNTRIES THIS IS REGARDED AS FULLY RESPECTABLE . BUT CONDITIONS ARE CHANGING FAST AND WOMEN ARE GOING TO THIS PROFESSION IN AN EVER INCREASING NUMBERS . ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR TENDERNESS AND CARE WOMEN ARE SUCCESSFUL AS NURSES . THE INBORN GIFTS  OF LOVE , SYMPATHY AND UNDERSTANDING MAKE WOMEN SUITABLE FOR BOTH THESE PROFESSIONS . BOTH THE JOBS REQUIRE A LARGE FUND OF TOLERANCE WHICH IS NATURALLY PRESENT IN WOMEN .  NATURE HAS MADE THEM MOTHERS AND CONSEQUENTLY GOOD TEACHERS AS WELL AS NURSES . 

SCIENCE IN THE SERVICE OF MAN AND MIRACLES OF SCIENCE .

SCIENCE IN THE SERVICE OF MAN AND MIRACLES OF SCIENCE . 

OURS IS THE AGE OF SCIENCE . IT HAS DONE MUCH FOR US . IT HAS MADE RAPID PROGRESS IN THE MODERN AGE . IT HAS CHANGED OUR WAYS OF LIVING AND THINKING . IT HAS CURTAILED SPACE AND TIME . THERE IS NO SPACE OF LIFE WHERE SCIENCE HAS NOT INFLUENCED US , TODAY THE WORLD IS NOT WHAT IT WAS 50 YEARS AGO . SCIENCE LEADS US TO COMFORT AND HAPPINESS . IT HAS GIVEN US ELECTRICITY WHICH IS VERY USEFUL IN OUR DAILY LIFE . IT DOES A LOT OF USEFUL WORKS AND SERVES US  IN MANY WAYS . THE INVENTION OF ELECTRICITY HAS COMPLETELY CHANGED OUR WORLD . THE ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICITY ARE MANY AND OF VARIOUS KINDS . WHEN WE LOOK TOWARDS CITIES , WE FIND THE CITY LIFE HAS NO CHARM WITHOUT IT . IT IS USED IN OFFICES , TRAINS ARE RUN BY IT , A JOURNEY BY TRAIN IS CHEAP AND QUICK . IT IS ALSO VERY USEFUL BECAUSE TELEGRAMS , TELEPHONE , HEATERS , BULBS , TALKIES , COMPUTERS , MACHINES ETC. CANNOT WORK IN ITS ABSENCE . THE ROLE OF ELECTRICITY IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIES AND AGRICULTURE IS ALSO VERY SIGNIFICANT . IN THE MEDICAL SPHERE , HUMAN BODY  CAN BE ANALYSED AND DISEASES CAN BE EXAMINED BY MEANS OF X-RAYS . DUE TO ELECTRICITY SCIENCE HAS LESSENED HUMAN PAIN AND SUFFERING A LOT . CANCER IS NO LONGER AS FATAL AS BEFORE . SO IT  IS NO LONGER NECESSARY TO SUFFER THE MISERIES OF DISEASES FOR A LONG TIME . SO IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ENUMERATE ALL THE USES TO WHICH ELECTRICITY CAN BE PUT. OUR COMFORT CONVENIENCE AND PROSPERITY DEPEND ON IT . IT HAS BECOME SO COMMON IN OUR DAILY LIFE THAT WE CANNOT THINK OUR WORLD PERFECT WITHOUT IT .HENCE ELECTRICITY IS THE SINGLE MOST VALUABLE GIFT IF SCIENCE TO MANKIND . MACHINES HAVE SAVED US FROM UNNECESSARY TOIL. THEY HAVE SAVED OUR TIME AND ENERGY . THEY DO ALL KINDS OF WORKS FOR US . THE WORK THAT WAS USED TO BE DONE BY HANDS IN THE PAST IS NOW BEING DONE BY MACHINES . THESE ARE DUE TO THE HARD AND CONTINUOUS WORK OF THE SCIENTIST WE ARE INDEBTED TO THEM . IT HAS CONQUERED THE FORCES OF NATURE . IT HAS MADE THE IMPOSSIBLE THINGS POSSIBLE . IT HAS GIVEN US POWERS  FIT FOR THE GODS .

BUT SCIENCE IS NOT WITHOUT IS ABUSES . IT HAS GIVEN US POWERS OF A DEVIL , IT HAS GIVEN US DEADLY POWERS . NOW WE HAVE DESTRUCTED WEAPONS  LIKE ATOM BOMBS AND HYDROGEN BOMBS . DEATH RAYS , NITROGEN BOMBS AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAN WIPE OUT HUMANITY FROM THE WORLD. THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE HAS BECOME A MANIC TO OVER CIVILIZATION . THE MACHINES ENHANCE CAPITALISM . THEY ARE THE BASIS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE MAIN CAUSE OF UNEMPLOYMENT . THEY HAD GIVEN RISE TO MANY ECONOMICAL , POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS ALL OVER THE WORLD . IT HAS MADE US  MATERIALISTIC . NOW WE DO NOT CARE FOR GOOD OR EVIL AND WE ARE ATTACHED TO THE WORLD AND CRAVE FOR POWER AND MONEY . THE SCIENCE HAS MADE US FORGET SOUL AND MORAL VALUES .

ON THE WHOLE WE CAN SAY THAT SCIENCE IS NEUTRAL . IT IS NEITHER GOOD OR BAD . IT DOES GOOD TO MANKIND  IF IT IS USED PROPERLY . BUT IT WILL HARM US IF IT IS MISUSED .IF IT COSTS OUR SOUL AND GOD , WE OURSELVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR IT . SO SHAKESPEARE WAS PERFECTLY RIGHT WHEN HE SAID 'THERE IS NOTHING GOOD OR BAD IN THE WORLD BUT THINKING MAKES ITS SO '. HENCE A JUDICIOUS USE OF SCIENCE IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR .

THE FAMILY OF DOGS

WOLVES , JACKALS AND FOXES ALL BELONG TO ONE FAMILY, THE FAMILY OF DOGS . THEY ARE FOUND ON EVERY CONTINENT EXCEPT ANTARCTICA. THEY LIVE IN THE FOREST AND ON THE STEPPES , IN THE MOUNTAINS AND ON THE PLAINS , IN THE TUNDRA AND IN THE DESERT.
THE LEGS OF ANIMALS IN THIS FAMILY ARE LONG AND WELL SHAPED . THE PAWS HAVE STRONG , BLUNT CLAWS . ALL THE ANIMALS RUN FAST , SOME AT THE SPEED OF 65 KILOMETERS AN HOUR . THE HAIR IS THICK AND VARIOUS SHADES OF GREY AND RED . SOME OF THE ANIMALS ARE STRIPED. ONE OF THE AFRICAN JACKAL IS CALLED THE STRIPPED JACKAL . THE AFRICAN WILD DOG HAS WHITE , BLACK AND YELLOW SPOTS . THIS IS THE ONLY WILD ANIMAL THAT HAS HAIR OF THREE COLOURS .

THE LARGEST AND THE SMALLEST ANIMAL OF DOG FAMILY IS THE WOLF. IT CAN RUN VERY FAST WITH A GOAT OR SHEEP ON ITS SHOULDER THAT YOU CAN HARDLY CATCH UP WITH IT EVEN ON A GOOD RACE HORSE. IT IS VERY TRUE TO SAY THAT THE WOLF LIVES BY ITS FEET. SOMETIMES IT RUNS 60 KILOMETERS A DAY IN SEARCH OF PREY . AND NOT ALWAYS DOES IT FIND IT , EVEN RUNNING THAT DISTANCE . IT IS NOT EASY FOR AN ANIMAL IN THE WILD TO FIND FOOD . FOR THSI REASON, WHEN A WOLF MAKES A GOOD KILL ,  IT GORGES ITSELF. IT CAN EAT 10 KILOGRAMS OF MEAT AT ONE TIME. THE WOLF HAS VERY STRONG JAWS . IT CAN CRUSH LARGE BONES EASILY .

THE JACKAL IS THE MOST CUNNING MEMBER OF THE  DOG FAMILY. PEOPLE DON'T LIKE IT BECAUSE IT IS A TERRIBLE THIEF. WHAT CUNNING IT SHOWS ! IF A JACKAL WANTS TO CATCH A CROW OR MAGPIE , IT LIES DOWN BY THE ROAD AND MAKE IT BELIEVE THAT IT IS DEAD . WHEN THE BIRD SEES THE JACKAL , IT COMES DOWN TO PECK AT THE DEAD FLESH . UP JUMPS THE CUNNING JACKAL , AND THAT IS THE END OF THE BIRD.
THERE ARE MANY TALES ABOUT THE CUNNING FOX , BUT THEY ARE ALL UNTRUE. THE WOLF AND THE JACKAL ARE FAR MORE CUNNING THAN THE FOX. IT IS CERTAINLY NOT A CAPRICIOUS ANIMAL . IT NEVER HUNTS JUST TO KILL . IT FEEDS MAINLY ON BARN AND FIELD MICE . IT IS A MASTER AT CATCHING THESE RODENTS THAT DO SO MUCH DAMAGE TO FARMS.

THE FENNEC IS THE SMALLEST RELATIVE OF THE DOG BUT HAS THE BIGGEST EAR . IT IS AS SMALL AS A KITTEN , BUT ITS EARS WOULD BE SUITABLE FOR A BIG SHEEP DOG. THESE CHARMING ANIMALS LIVE IN THE HOTTEST PLACE ON THE EARTH , THE SAHARA . ALL DAY THE FENNECS HAVE TO HIDE FROM THE BLISTERING SUN IN DEEP AND COOL BURROWS . ONLY TOWARD EVENING DO THEY ALL CRAWL OUT AT ONCE AND SIT QUIETLY NEAR THEIR BURROWS, WAITING FOR THE DAY TO COOL OFF .IF THE SUN STILLS BURNS , THEY LIE DOWN AND COVER THEIR HEADS WITH THEIR BUSHY TAILS, AS THOUGH  THE TAILS WERE UMBRELLAS . AT LONG LAST IT IS PLEASANTLY COOL . THE FENNEC SUDDENLY STIFFENS ITS BIG EARS . IT HAS HEARD SOMETHING ! IT CREEPS TO WHERE A LIZARD MAY HAVE JUMPED . A DESERT LARK MAY HAVE STIRRED IN ITS SLEEP . IMAGINE HOW LITTLE NOISE THAT WOULD MAKE . BUT THE FENNEC HEARS EVERYTHING . IT KNOWS EXACTLY WHERE THE BIRD IS HIDING . IT CREEPS FORWARD AGAIN LIKE A SHADOW, STOPS AND LEAPS. THERE ! IT HAS ITS VICTIM IN ITS TEETH.

THE ELEMENTS OF PROSE

Add caption

THE STANDARD UNITS OF PROSE TEXTS IN ENGLISH -FROM THE HUMBLEST OFFICE MEMO TO THE LONGEST NOVEL-ARE WORDS , SENTENCES,AND PARAGRAPHS.

THERE ARE LARGER UNITS-CHAPTERS,FOR EXAMPLE-AND SMALLER UNITS AS WELL;' MORPHEMES' , OR THE ATOMS OF LANGUAGE ,SUCH AS THE WORD- FORMING ELEMENTS EN -AND - ING AND THE ROOT DUR, ALL GOING TO MAKE  THE WORD ENDURING.BUT SUCH UNITS HAVE LITTLE BEARING OF GOOD STYLE.

ENGLISH HAS AN ENOURMOUSLY RICH VOCABULARY, LARGER AND MORE VARIED  THAN THAT OF ANY OTHER LANGUAGE. THIS GREAT ADVANTAGES AND FEW DANGERS.

THE MAIN ADVANTAGES ARE; VARIETY AND PRECISION.THE CORRESPONDING DANGERS ARE NEEDLESS VARIATION AND HIGH FAULT IN WORDING.
THE VARIETY OF SYNONYMS GIVES WRITERS AND SPEAKERS GREAT SCOPE OF EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION.
SUPPOSE YOU ARE DEALING WITH THE IDEA OF HAPPINESS,AND HAVE USED THE WORD' HAPPY' SEVERAL TIMES ALREADY.YOU CAN TURN PERHAPS TO CHEERFUL.GRATIFIED,BLITHE,OR BUOYANT INSTEAD. IF YOU WANT SOMETHING A LITTLE MORE SLANGY,  YOU MIGHT TRY JAUNTY, OR COCK-A-HOOP.

THE VARIETY OF SYNONYMS ALSO ENABLES WRITERS AND SPEAKERS TO AVOID AMBIGUITY. SO MANY ENGLISH  WORDS  HAVE MULTIPLE SENSES .THE WORD REVOLTING,TO TAKE A SIMPLE EXAMPLE,CAN MEAN EITHER REBELLING OR DISGUSTING ACCORDING TO THE CONTEXT. FOR EXAMPLE -THE PEASANTS ARE REVOLTING-REPLACE REVOLTING WITH EITHER OF ITS SYNONYMS,REBELLING OR DISGUSTING AND THE AMBIGUITY DISAPPEARS AT ONCE.

THE OTHER GREAT BENEFIT BY THE VERBAL TREASURE HOUSE OF ENGLISH IS PRECISION. IF YOU WANT TO CAPTURE  THE IDEA OF A SERENE AND HAPPINESS, THE WORD BEATIFIC IS AVAILABLE;AND CELEBRATING KIND OF HAPPINESS,EXULTANT OR JUBILANT. A SIMILAR PRECISION AND VARIETY CAN BE FOUND AMONG THE SYNONYMS FOR OLD,FOR EXAMPLE EVERY OLD PERSON OBJECTS TO BE CALLED AS AN. AGEING DANDY. IT WAS WRITTEN BY THE EDITOR OF THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH, WHO OBJECTED  TO BEING DESCRIBED AS AN AGEING DANDY;

NOBODY WOULD DESCRIBE AN OLD BUILDING IN GOOD REPAIR AS AGING . ONLY A DISSUED AND CRUMBLING DUMB WITH CRACKED PAINT AND PEALING PLASTER GETS DESCRIBED AS AGING . FOR FUTURE REFERENCE LET ALL AUTHORS KNOW THAT JUST AS THE PREFERRED APPELLASION FOR FURNITURE OF A CERTAIN AGE IS ANTIQUE AND FOR MONUMENTS ANCIENT AND FOR WINE ,VINTAGE AND FOR SOLDIERS VETERAN AND FOR CLERGY MAN , VULNERABLE FOR HACKS IS , FOR WANT FOR A BETTER WORD SEASONED . 

ANIMALS LIFE IN ZOO

CAGED AND SAFE OR WILD AND FREE?

THE FUNDING CRISIS AT MANY ZOOS HAS REOPENED TH E DEBATE OVER THE VALUE OF ZOOS AND WHETHER THEY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO EXIST AT ALL .
PEOPLE WHO ARE IN FAVOUR OF ZOOS ARGUE THAT THEY PERFORM A SPECIAL ROLE IN CONSERVING THE RARE ANIMAL SPECIES. CONSERVATIONALISTS ESTIMATE THAT TODAY ATLEAST 1000 SPECIES OF ANIMALS ARE THREATENED . OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS ZOOS HAVE DEVELOPED PROGRAMMES DESIGNED TO HELP PRESERVE TO HELP ENDANGERED SPECIES . THIS INVOLVES BREEDING ANIMAL IN CAPTIVITY - IN " CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMMES " - AND THEN REINTRODUCING THEM INTO THEIR NATURAL HABITS TO REPLINISH THE NUMBER LIVING IN THE WILD.

WOBURN ABBEY , FOR EXAMPLE , SAVED A SPECIES CALLED THE PERE DAVID'S DEER . THE SPECIES WENT LARGELY UN RECORDED IN CHINA FROM 1920 . BUT THE FEW OF THE ANIMALS WERE BROUGHT TO EUROPE BY A FRENCH MISSIONARY [FATHER DAVID] . RECENTLY WOBURN ABBEY AND OTHER ZOOS BEGAN RETURNING BREEDING COUPLES OF PERE DAVID'S DEER TO THE WILD IN CHINA .

ZOOS CO-OPERATE WITH EACH OTHER IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SUCCESS OF THEIR BREEDING PROGRAMMES . ANIMALS ARE PASSED FROM ONE ZOO TO ANOTHER IN ORDER TO PREVENT IN BREEDING - BREEDING FROM CLOSELY RELATED ANIMALS . IF ANIMALS THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER MATE, THERE IS A DANGER THAT THEY WILL PRODUCE DEFORMED OFF SPRING .
SUPPORTERS OF ZOOS ARGUE THAT THEY HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EDUCATING CHILDREN , MILLIONS IF WHOM VISIT ZOOS EVERY YEAR . TELEVISION - VIEWING IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR ENCOUNTERING REAL ANIMALS , THEY ARGUE. ZOOS ALSO CARRY OUT IMPORTANT RESEARCH , FOR EXAMPLE ON THE BEST CONDITIONS FOR THE RARE ANIMALS TO REPRODUCE .

IF ZOOS WERE FORCED TO CLOSE IT WOULD BE DISASTROUS  FOR WORLD CONSERVATION , ZOOS SUPPORTERS SAY . AND MOST ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY WOULD HAVE TO BE KILLED . ' IT DOES NOT TAKE MUCH IMAGINATION TO REALISE THAT THE CLOSURE OF ALL ZOOS WOULD MEAN THE DELIBERATE DESTRUCTION OF WILDLIFE ON A SCALE NEVER BEFORE WITNESSED' THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF ZOOS SAYS .
OPPONENTS OF ZOOS ACCEPTS THAT SOME SPECIES HAVE BEEN SAVED FROM EXTINCTION BY " CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMMES " . BUT THEY ARGUE THAT THIS OFFERS NO SOLUTION TO THE WORLDWIDE CONSERVATION CRISIS .
THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS PROTECTED BY ZOOS IS TINY COMPARED WITH OVER - ALL PROBLEM.IT COSTS MILLIONS TO SAVE THE ARABIAN ORYX FROM DYING OUT; BUT COULD THAT AMOUNT BE FOUND FOR EVERY SPECIES THAT IS ENDANGERED ? THE VALUE OF ZOO BREEDING PROGRAMME IS ALSO QUESTIONED AS SOME SPECIES SUCH AS AFRICAN ELEPHANT COULD NOT REPRODUCE WELL IN CAPTIVITY .
CAPTIVE ANIMALS ARE ALWAYS KEPT IN POOR AND INHUMAN CONDITIONS , OPPONENTS SAY . IN THE WORST ZOOS , ANIMALS ARE STILL DISPLAYED FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OF THE PUBLIC. WHERE ANIMALS ARE PLACED IN IMPOVERISHED AND UNSUITABLE SURROUNDINGS, THEY OFTEN BEHAVE IN ABNORMAL AND NEUROTIC WAYS . IT IS COMMON FOR POLAR BEARS TO CONSTANTLY PACE UP  AND DOWN OR TWIST THEIR HEADS AND CIRCLE OVER AND OVER AGAIN . THIS BEHAVIOUR IS NOW RECOGNISED BY THE SCIENTISTS AS A SIGN OF STRESS AND FRUSTRATION .

WHEN CHILDREN VISIT ZOOS WHERE ANIMALS ARE ACTING IN NEUROTIC AND ABNORMAL WAYS, THEY ARE NOT BEING EDUCATED . INSTEAD OPPONENTS SAY, THEY ARE BEEN GIVEN AN INACCURATE PICTURE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR . A MORE PRECISE AND INFORMATIVE IMPRESSION IS AVAILABLE TO CHILDREN EVERY DAY - THROUGH WILDLIFE PROGRAMMES ON TELEVISION.

VEGETARIANISM

VEGETARIANISM

VEGETARIANISM PROMOTES A NATURAL WAY OF LIFE.BUT DESPITE ITS IMPLICIT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSAL LOVE AND NON -VIOLENCE IT HAS NOT SPREAD ,AS IT SHOULD HAVE.THIS MAY BE BECAUSE IT USUALLY IS AN INWARD LOOKING HABIT AND IS BEST CULTIVATED IN THE MIND .

LEADING A VEGETARIAN WAY OF LIFE HELPS THE ANIMAL KINGDOM TO CO-EXIST WITH MAN.THE ANIMALS SUPPLY MILK,MANURE AND ENERGY.THIS HAS BEEN CENTRAL TO THE INDIAN CULTURE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. A VEGETARIAN LIFE STYLE IS NATURAL,MULTIFACETED AND HELPS SELF-PRESERVATION IN A HEALTHY WAY.FOOD AND HEALTH ARE CLOSELY RELATED.

IN INDIA A VEGETARIAN  IS  USUALLY A LACTO -VEGETARIAN. IN THE WESTERN WORLD VEGETARIANS ARE SUBDIVIDED AS 'VEGANS[PURE VEGETARIANS WHO DO NOT TAKE COMING FROM ANIMAL KINGDOM],LACTO-VEGETARIANS,WHO USE DAIRY PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM AND LACTO-OVO-VEGETARIANS.THE LAST CATAGORY INCLUDES EGGS,IN ADDITION TO DAIRY PRODUCTS .

THE WESTERN SCIENCE OF FOOD CONSIDERS FOOD AS SOMETHING TO SUSTAIN ONLY THE HUMAN BODY,WHEREAS THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONSIDERS FOOD AS SOMETHING  WHICH SUSTAINS NOT ONLY THE BODY,BUT ALSO MAINTAINS THE  PURITY OF HEART,MIND AND THE SOUL.THUS AN ITEM OF FOOD WHICH IS INJURIOUS TO THE MIND IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE FIT FOR CONSUMPTION,EVEN IF IT IS OTHERWISE BENEFICIAL TO THE BODY OR SATISFIES THE TASTE.INDIAN FOOD SCIENCE DOES NOT GIVE SO MUCH IMPORTANCE TO PROTEIN OR EVEN TO THE TASTE BALANCED DIET BUT IT GIVES IMPORTANCE TO FOOD THAT INCREASES  THE STRENGTH OF THE BODY AND ITS VIRILITY. VEGETARIAN FOODS PROVIDE AN INFINITE VARIETY OF FLAVOURS WHEREAS NON-VEGETARIAN FOODS HAVE HARDLY ANY TASTE OF THEIR OWN . INFACT NON-VEGETARIAN FOODS HAVE TO BE SEASONED WITH INGREDIENTS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM TO MAKE THEM PALATABLE.

IN MOST SPORTS DISCIPLINES, VEGETARIANS LEAD IN ENDURANCE TESTS. ' YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT'  IS AN OLD SAYING AND IT IS A FACT THAT IT IS A FOOD THAT MAKES A MAN. THE  FOOD WE EAT ITS QUALITY, QUANTITY, ITS TIMING AND  COMBINATION IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE TO HEALTHY LIFE.

IT IS SIGNIFICANT THAT IN USA  NEARLY 30 TO 40 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE ADOPTED VEGETARIANISM IN TH LEAST DECADE.MORE AN D MORE INTELLECTUALS IN UK,GERMANY;FRANCE,SWITZERLAND,ITALY,ISRAEL,MEXICO,RUSSIA AND ITS FORMER ALLIES ARE GRADUALLY TURNING TO VEGETARIAN DIET ONLY ON ETHICAL AND HUMANITARIAN GROUNDS BUT ALSO FOR HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL REASONS.
IN UK SURYEVS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE MEDICAL BILLS OF VEGETARIANS ARE CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THE NON - VEGETARIANS . FURTHER, THE PREMIUM RATES OF INSURANCE IN SOME CATEGORIES ARE ALSO LOWER THAN THOSE OF NON VEGETARIANS . EXTENSIVE STUDY BY A GROUP OF MUMBAI DOCTORS HAVE CONFIRMED THAT VEGETARIANISM OFFERS PROTECTIVE FROM CORONARY DISEASES . IT PREVENTS AND HELPS MANAGEMENT OF MOST OF THE GASTRO INTESTINAL DISEASES . IT PREVENTS AND HELPS ALL NON INSULIN DEPENDENT AND INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETICS . NEPHROLOGISTS  USE THE DIET AS A MAJOR PART OF THE THERA PEUTICS . A VEGETARIAN DIET IS MORE USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVER DISORDER INCLUDING THE LAST STAGE OF LIVER FAILURE , WHEN THE DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT IS TO BE REDUCED . LACTO - VEGETARIAN DIETS WITH THEIR HIGH FIBER CONTENT , LOW ACID AND HIGH VITAMIN AND MINERALS PREVENT AND TO A CERTAIN EXTENT RELIEVE THE PAIN FELT WITH THE PROGRESSION OF ARTHRITIS. 

HOW TO CHOOSE DICTIONARY?

HOW TO CHOOSE DICTIONARY

MOSTLY PEOPLE GO TO DICTIONARIES FOR THE MEANINGS AND SPELLINGS OF THE  WORDS .BUT THERE IS A GREAT DEAL TO BE FOUND IN A GOOD DICTIONARY .IT CAN HELP YOU TO PRODUCE GOOD ENGLISH. IT IS YOUR BEST FRIEND IN THE QUEST TO INCREASE YOUR COMMAND OVER WORDS. ALWAYS BEAR IN MIND, THAT BIGGEST IS NOT BEST FOR YOU.THE LARGEST DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH IS OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY.IT FILLS 20 SUBSTANTIAL VOLUMES OF TIGHT PRINT AND IS A MAGNIFICENT WORK OF SCHOLARSHIP .
IT GIVES OVER 19 PAGES ON THE VERB FORM OF THE WORD SAID ALONE . IT WILL ALSO TELL YOU A GREAT DEAL ABOUT VARIANT SPELLINGS USED , SAY , BY 15 CENTURY SCOTTISH POETS . ALMOST ALL DICTIONARY WITH A SECTION AT HE BEGINNING TELLING HOW TO USE THEM . WHEN YOU GET HOME WITH YOUR NEW PURCHASE OR NEXT TIME YOU TAKE IT DOWN READ IT'S INTRODUCTORY SECTIONS . THEY WILL GIVE YOU A GREAT DEAL OF INFORMATION . SOMETIME YOU MAY HAVE TO THINK LITTLE WHEN DECIDING WHICH HEAD WORD TO TURN TO . THERE ARE FEW EASY RULES TO HELP YOU HERE - THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS FULL OF IRREGULARITIES AND YOU WILL FOUND YOURSELF DEVELOPING AND INSTINCT FOR WHERE TO LOCATE WORDS .SO BEAR IN MIND THAT THE SAME WORD OR WHAT APPEARS TO BE THE SAME WORD - CAN BE HEAD WORD FOR TWO OR MORE QUIET DIFFERENT ENTRIES . TAKE THE WORD LEAGUE IN THE BOOK AND FILM A TITLE 20000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA . CLEARLY IT INDICATES SOME KIND OF MEASUREMENTS IN DISTANCE . THE PROBLEM HERE IS THAT THERE ARE TWO WORDS SPELT  LEAGUE EACH WITH A QUITE DISTINCT ITYMOLOGY AND SET OF MEANINGS . IN MORE DICTIONARY SOME WORDS THAT SOUND AND ARE SPELT THE SAME BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS ARE GIVEN- SEPARATE ENTRIES . A SIMILAR GROUP IS' HOMOGRAPHS'- WORDS OF THE SAME SPELLING BUT DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATION SUCH AS 'TO ROW '[ A BOAT ] AND TO ROW [ WITH YOUR NEIGHBOUR ] . THESE ARE ALSO TREATED SEPARATELY .

EACH DICTIONARY HAS IT'S OWN SYSTEMS FOR SHOWING PRONUNCIATION . STUDYING THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION EXPLAINING THIS . MOST DICTIONARY FOR NATIVE ENGLISH- SPEAKERS STILL USE SOME KIND OF RESPELLING SYSTEM . IN SUCH A SYSTEM THE ELEMENTS OF THE WORDS  ARE MADE TO LOOK AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE LIKE NORMAL SPELLING PATTERN . ALL BRITISH DICTIONARIES GIVE THE PRONUNCIATION IN RP[ RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, ROUGHLY BBC ENGLISH ] . SOME ALSO INDICATES THE GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION . SOME DICTIONARIES - PARTICULARLY THOSE FOR FOREIGN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH , BUT ALSO AN INCREASING NUMBER OF THOSE FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS - USE THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET TO SHOW PRONUNCIATION . THIS IS A SPECIALLY DEVISED SET OF SYMBOLS THAT CAN BE USED TO SHOW EXACT PRONUNCIATION IN ALL LANGUAGES . IT IS CERTAINLY THE MOST ACCURATE AND FLEXIBLE SYSTEM . THE ONLY TROUBLE IS THAT IT USES SEVERAL SYMBOLS UNFAMILIAR TO THE GENERAL READERS , AND CAN TAKE A LITTLE TIME TO LEARN . MANY DICTIONARY WILL GIVE YOU GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORD YOU ARE LOOKING UP. MAKE SURE YOU TAKE IT IN. 

ART OF WRITING ENGLISH

ART OF WRITING ENGLISH

 MOST WRITING IS A PRIVATE ACTIVITY BUT A PUBLIC SERVICE . YOU MAY DASH OFF A PROTEST LETTER IN THE SOLITUDE OF YOUR STUDY OR COMPILE A REPORT IN THE OFFICE AFTER EVERYONE HAS GONE HOME FOR THE NIGHT OR SCRIBBLE A FEW SECRET PARAGRAPH OF YOUR ROMANTIC NOVELS AT THE KITCHEN TABLE WHILE THE BABY IS SLEEPING, BUT IN EACH CASE YOUR INTENTION IS THE SAME - THAN FEELINGS FROM YOUR MIND TO ANOTHER MIND.

THE HALLMARKS OF GOOD WRITING THEN ARE THE HALLMARKS OF ALL GOOD COMMUNICATION . THE HALLMARKS ARE AS FOLLOWS - ACCURACY , APPROPRIATENESS , ATTENTIVENESS TO YOUR AUDIENCE , AVOIDANCE OF  AMBIGUITY , CORRECTNESS[ OF USAGE AND GRAMMAR ] , CLARITY , CONSISTENCY , CONCRETENESS .

SINCE WRITING IS PRIMARILY FOR COMMUNICATION YOU HAVE TO KEEP YOUR READER CONSTANTLY IN MIND AS YOU WRITE. THIS IS NOT ALWAYS SO EASY TO DO , YOU MAY OFTEN BECOME VERY INWARD LOOKING STRUGGLING TO PUT YOUR THOUGHTS INTO WORDS AND GET THE WORDS DOWN ON PAPER . IT IS NOT SO DIFFICULT TO THINK YOURSELF INTO THE MIND OF ANOTHER PERSON , YOU PROBABLY DO IT EVERYDAY  WHENEVER YOU SPEAK TO ANYONE . YOU SHOULD TYPE NEATLY OR AVOIDING A PERSONAL SHORT HAND THAT ONLY YOU CAN FOLLOW . IF YOU FAIL TO CLARIFY YOUR IDEAS YOU WILL PUT THE READER TO A GREAT DEAL OF TROUBLE . AT EVENTUALLY YOUR WRITING WILL BECOME THE READING MATTER OF SOMEONE ELSE THAT YOUR PRIVATE WORDS WILL GO PUBLIC . WRITING IN ANOTHER WORDS IS ABOVE ALL FOR COMMUNICATION - FOR CONVEYING IDEAS . SO TO WRITE ENGLISH IN PERFECT MANNER FIRST OF ALL WE WILL HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE RULES OF GRAMMAR . IN GRAMMAR WORDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THERE PARTS OF SPEECH - THE PART THEY PLAY IN THE SENTENCE . SO THERE ARE 9 DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH .

NOUNS - HORSE, MILK , DAMNATION , MONDAY , JACK

VERBS- GO , CONTEMPLATE , BE , MUST .

ADJECTIVES - HAPPY , ENTHUSIASTIC , AWAKE .

ADVERBS- SADLY , SOON , VERY , HOWEVER.

PRONOUNS - I , SHE , EVERYONE , YOURSELF

DETERMINERS - A , THE , MY , EVERY , ANY

PREPOSITIONS - IN , OFF , OPPOSITE , REGARDING

CONJUCTIONS - AND , OR , WHILE , IF ,THAT

INTERJECTIONS - OH! , WELL! , ALAS!

MOST SENTENCES IN ENGLISH START WITH THE PATTERN SUBJECT - VERB AND SO ON . THE OTHER CONSTITUENTS THAT CAN APPEAR IN SENTENCES ARE OBJECTS [IT IS THE PERSON OR THING THAT THE VERB ACTS UPON - DOG BITES MAN  , I ATE AN ICECREAM. THE OBJECTS HERE ARE MAN AND ICECREAM .

SOME VERBS CAN HAVE TWO OBJECTS i.e, THEY COOKED ME A DINNER  AND YOU HAVE SAVED ME $5 . SO THE OBJECT THAT COULD BE INTRODUCED BY TWO OR FOR IS CALLED THE INDIRECT OBJECT , OTHER OBJECTS ARE CALLED DIRECT OBJECTS .

THE COMPLEMENTS GIVE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT EITHER THE OR THE OBJECT . SUBJECTS , COMPLEMENTS ARE IN A SENSE EQUAL TO THE SUBJECT AND THE OBJECT COMPLEMENTS ARE IN A SENSE EQUAL TO THE OBJECT i. e, HENRY IS CONFUSED AND WILLIAM BECAME KING OF ENGLAND . SO IN  BOTH SETS OF EXAMPLES HE COMPLEMENTS ARE CONFUSED AND KING OF ENGLAND .

ADVERBIALS GIVES FURTHER INFORMATIONS OFTEN SHOWING HOW OR WHERE OR WHEN THE VERB HAPPENS  IN THE SAME WAY THAT AN ADVERB DOES . FOR EXAMPLE-- HE DID IT WITH GUSTO;I WENT THERE ON TUESDAY ; MARY SAW THAT PICTURE IN PARIS . SO THE PHRASES WITH GUSTO , ON TUESDAY , IN PARIS ARE ADVERBS .

WHEN NOUNS ARE USED LIKE ADJECTIVES 
SOMETIMES NOUNS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE OTHER NOUNS - RATHER LIKE ADJECTIVES . IN THE PHRASE THE YORKSHAIRE  CHILDLABOUR INQUIRY REPORT SCANDAL , ALL THE WORDS EXCEPT THE ARE NOUNS - YORKSHAIRE,  CHILDLABOUR , INQUIRY ,REPORT ARE USED TO DESCRIBE SCANDAL .

VERB-
VERBS ARE DEFINED AS' DOING WORDS ' - WORDS THAT  INDICATE WHAT IS BEING DONE IN A SENTENCE . BUT THIS IS NOT ALWAYS HELPFUL  . IN THE SENTENCE - THIS IS HARD WORK , PERSUMABLY WHAT IS BEING DONE IS WORK .  BUT WORK HERE IS A NOUN , WHERE AS THE VERB IS IS. SO THE BEST TEST FOR A VERB IS THIS ;  DOES IT HAVE FORMS THAT INDICATE WHETHER  THE ACTION TAKES PLACE NOW OR AT SOMETIMES IN THE PAST- WORK /WORKED , TAKE /TOOK BUT SOME VERBS DO NOT CHANGE THEIR FORMS . FOR EXAMPLE - SPREAD/ SPREAD , HIT/ HIT 

The impact of tourism

GOVERNMENTS HAVE SEIZED ON TOURISM AS A WAY OF CREATING EMPLOYMENT  AND BRINGING INCOME - PREFERABLY FOREIGN EXCHANGE - INTO TROUBLED ECONOMIES.  FOR YEARS TOURISM CAPACITY TO FILTER WEALTH THROUGH COMMUNITIES HAS BEEN A MAJOR ARGUMENT IN IT'S  FAVOUR . THE TOURIST SPENDS ON ACCOMMODATION, FOOD AND SOUVENIRS , BRINGING INCOME TO THE SUPPLIERS OF THESE GOODS AND SERVICES WHOSE MONEY WILL IN TURN CIRCULATE THROUGH THE ECONOMY .

BUT IF THE HOTELS ARE FOREIGN OWNED , LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE TO GAIN . NOR ARE THEY BETTER OFF IF TOURISTS STAY IN THEM BUT COME PREPARED TO BE SELF BY SUFFICIENT . IN BOTH CASES TOURISTS ARE OFTEN STRONGLY RESENTED BY LOCALS,WHO SEE HUGE INCREASE IN PRICES AS THE ONLY TANGIBLE RESULT OF TOURISM'S ECONOMIC IMPACT . 

JOB CREATION IS ANOTHER COMMON SPIN-OFF FROM TOURISM . GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDISE  TOURISM PROJECT IN THE EXPECTATION OF INCREASING EMPLOYEMENT OPPORTUNITIES  IN THE NEW HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. BUT SEARCH WORK IS FREQUENTLY POORLY PAID AND IS SEASONAL . LOCAL PEOPLE MAY BE NEITHER  WILLING TO DO DEMEANING UNSKILLED JOBS NOR HIGHLY TRAINED ENOUGH TO BE MANAGERS AND ENTREPRENEURS , THEY STAND ON THE SIDELINES WHILE EXPATRIATE STAFF AND MIGRANTS FILL THE VACANCIES  .  SOCIAL TENSION SURFACE ALL TOO EASILY IN SUCH SITUATIONS . 

ANY KIND OF CHANGE BRING TENSION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TENDS TO EXAGGERATE THE GENERATION GAP AS THE YOUNG MASTERS NEW SKILLS AND THE OLDER GENERATIONS FIND ITS TRADITIONS DEVALUED OR REJECTED . TOURISTS BRINGS WITH THEM VERY DIFFERENT CULTURES AND IDEAS , DEMONSTRATED BY THE WAY THEY DRESS AND BEHAVE , AND THESE MAY BE VERY ATTRACTIVE TO THE YOUNG GENERATION .

ON THE BEACHES AND BAR STRIPS OF ASIA , AFRICA AND THE PACIFIC YOU CAN SEE HOW READILY YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LURED  FROM THEIR VILLAGES BY THE PROMISE OF BRIGHT LIGHTS AND MONEY . 

A COUNTRY'S CULTURE IS OFTEN THE MAJOR ATTRACTION , PARTICULARLY WHEN IT CAN BE COMBINED WITH   SUN , SEA AND SAND . IN THAILAND , AS IN MANY COUNTRIES WITH A RICH HERITAGE TOURISTS DEMANDS HAVE GIVEN A   MUCH NEEDED BOOST TO  
LOCAL ARTS AND CRAFTS AFTER ALL , A LOCAL ECONOMY CAN ONLY STAND SO MANY BASKET  POTS AND CARVINGS . THE PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN ARTS FESTIVAL FROM EDINBURG TO HONG  KONG , HAS BROUGHT  TOURISTS IN TO FESTIVAL GIVEN SOME OF THEIR INHABITANTS ACCESS TO GLOBAL CULTURE . BUT WHAT OF THEIR OWN CULTURE ? THE STORY HERE IS LESS ROSY . 

IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT , EVEN THE MOST BLINKERED TOURISTS IS FACED WITH THE TOURISM THE TOURIST DESTROY THE VERY THINGS THEY HAVE COME FROM 

IN KENYA , A COUNTRY THAT DEPENDS ON THE TOURISM , THERE IS REALLY DANGER OF TOURIST POLLUTION IN THE MOST POPULAR GAME PARKS . ANIMALS IN THE AMBOSELL RESERVE ARE CONSTANTLY DISTURBED BY TOURIST BUSES , THEIR PREY SCATTERED , THEIR FEEDING GROUNDS DAMAGED . IF THE ANIMALS DISAPPEAR  ,SO MAY TOURISM.

THE HORDES WILL ALWAYS COME TO CERTAIN PLACES , BUT TOURISM IS A FICKLE INDUSTRY . WHAT IS POPULAR NOW MAY NOT BE NEXT SEASON , AND GOVERNMENT WHO INGNORE THIS CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM ARE TAKING A RISK . SRI LANKA AND PHILLIPPINES ARE THE GREAT EXAMPLES OF THE COUNTRIES WHOSE DEPENDENCE ON THE TOURISM HAS PROVED A DISSASTROUS POLICY . TOURISTS NATURALLY AVOID GOING ANYWHERE , THAT IS PERCIEVED TO BREUNSAFE AND BADD PUBLICITY , SENDS TOURISTS NUMBER PLUMMETING . 

IT WOULD BE TEMPTING FACED WITH SUCH DEPRESSING EVIDENCE OF TOURISMS IMPACT , TO THROW UP OUR HANDS IN DESPAIR AND GO HOME . BUT THAT WOULD DENY THE VERY REAL JOYS OF TRAVEL AND HOSPITALITY THAT ARE ALSO PART OF TOURISM EXPERIENCE ..................

ENGLISH SPEAKING TIPS

HOW TO  SPEAK BETTER ENGLISH?

SPEAKING WELL CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON YOUR PROFESSIONAL AND PRIVATE LIFE .YOU MAY NOT REALISE HOW IMPORTANT  THE SOUND OF YOUR VOICE IS , OR HOW MUCH YOU YOURSELF JUDGE OTHER PEOPLE  BY THE WAY THEY SOUND . YET EXPERTS MAINTAIN THAT THE IMPRESSION YOU MAKE ON OTHERS OFTEN OWES MUCH MORE TO HOW YOU SPEAK -THE PITCH AND EXPRESSIVENESS AND CLARITY OF YOUR VOICE , FOR EXAMPLE - THAN TO WHAT YOU ACTUALLY SAY.

A POLITICIAN MAY HAVE A HARSH , STRIDENT VOICE, OR PERHAPS A JERKY , HALTING OF SPEAKING , EITHER WAY, THIS IS LIKELY TO IRRITATE AUDIENCES AND SO AFFECT THE SPEAKER'S PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS.
NO ONE, HOWEVER NEEDS TO BE A SLAVE TO POOR SPEAKING HABITS . THESE HABITS CAN BE BROKEN AND BREAKING THEM WILL CERTAINLY BE WORTH THE EFFORT  . IMPROVE YOUR  SPEECH , AND YOU BOOST YOUR CONFIDENCE , SHARPEN THE IMPRESSION YOU MAKE ON OTHERS, AND COMMUNICATE MORE EFFECTIVELY , AT WORK , IN PUBLIC, AND IN YOUR PRIVATE LIFE.

NOT THAT, IN LEARNING TO SPEAK  BETTER, YOU SHOULD EVER SPEAK IN A WAY THAT IS UNNATURAL TO YOU. YOUR VOICE IS UNIQUE TO YOU , JUST AS YOUR FINGERPRINTS ARE, - ASS BY APING A SUPPOSEDLY CORRECT ACCENT IS TO DISTORT YOUR PERSONALITY AND EMOTIONAL RANGE WHEN SPEAKING.

WHAT ARE VOICE AND SPEECH?
THE FIRST STEP IN ACQUIRING GOOD SPEECH HABITS IS  UNDERSTANDING WHY YOU SOUND AS YOU DO , AND LEARNING HOW TO INCREASE THE POWER , VERSATILITY, AND CONTROL OF YOUR VOICE AND SPEECH.

CLARITY
THE CLARITY OF YOUR SPEECH IS DETERMINED BY THE SPEECH ORGANS IN YOUR MOUTH , YOUR TONGUE , LIPS, PALATE, TEETH, AND JAW . FOR CLEAR SPEECH, THESE ORGANS NEED TO FORM A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SOUNDS VERY RAPIDLY. THEY CANNOT DO THEIR WORK PROPERLY IF THEY ARE EITHER TENSE OR LAZY- ALL THAT THEY PRODUCE IN EACH OF THESE CASES IS  INDISTINCT MUMBLING .


DON'T FORGET THAT THE SPEAKING IS ESSENTIALLY A PHYSICAL PROCESS . YOU WILL NOT SIMPLY BE DEVELOPING  A GREATER AWARENESS OF YOURSELF AND  YOUR SPEAKING HABITS ;YOU WILL ALSO BE TRAINING MUSCLES ,MUCH AS AN ATHLETE DOES, EXERCISING YOUR BODY SO THAT YOU PRODUCE A BETTER SPEAKING VOICE.

PARENTHOOD THROUGH ADOPTION

ADOPTION MEANS ESTABLISHING A BOND BETWEEN A COUPLE [THE ADOPTERS ] AND THE CHILD THE[ ADOPTEE] WHICH IS LEGALLY , SOCIALLY  AND MORALLY EQUIVALENT TO  THAT BETWEEN PARENTS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL PARENTS . THE ADOPTIVE COUPLE ASSUME THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO THE CHILD  AS IN A BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP AND SO DOES THE ADOPTED CHILD TOWARDS HIS ADOPTIVE PARENTS . 

ADOPTION HAS BEEN PREVALENT IN INDIA SINCE ANCIENT TIMES . HOWEVER UNTIL THE RECENT PAST IT HAS BEEN MAINLY TO FULFILL THE NEEDS  OF THE PARENTS i.e, TO HAVE A MALE CHILD TO PERFORM THE LAST RITES OR TO ACQUIRE AN HEIR TO INHERIT  THE FAMILY NAME AND PROPERTY . CHILDLESS COUPLE OR THOSE WITHOUT A MALE CHILD USUALLY ADOPTED A CHILD FROM THEIR OWN EXTENDED FAMILY OR AT LEAST BELONGING TO THEIR OWN CASTE AND COMMUNITY . THE CHILD'S NEEDS WERE SECONDARY , ALTHOUGH USUALLY A STRONG PARENT CHILD BOND DID DEVELOP. 

TODAY WHEN A COUPLE DECIDES TON ADOPT THE ABOVE REASONS CONTINUE TO BE THE MAJOR MOTIVATING FACTOR . ALMOST EQUALLY POTENT IS THE DESIRE TO AVOID THE STIGMA ATTACHED TO BARRENNESS . HOWEVER, MORE COUPLES ARE NOW HAVING RESERVATIONS ABOUT ADOPTING A CHILD WHOSE PARENTS ARE KNOWN TO THEM AND ARE INSTEAD SEEKING CHILDREN ABOUT WHOSE BACKGROUND THEY MAY HAVE LITTLE OR NO INFORMATION . THIS IS TO AVOID DIVIDED LOYALTIES AND POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE IN THE CARE AND UPBRINGING OF THE CHILD THEY ADOPT . 

WHILE INDIA CONTINUES TO HAVE A HIGH BIRTH RATE , THERE ARE ALSO THOUSANDS OF COUPLES WHO ARE CHILDLESS . IN THEIR DESPERATION TO BECOME PARENTS THEY GO FROM PILLAR TO POST AND FREQUENTLY THOUSANDS OF RUPEES IN TRYING ON VARIOUS METHODS LIKE IN - VITRO FERTILISATION   WHICH STILL HAVE A VERY LOW SUCCESS RATE . MANY APPROACH HOSPITALS AND PRIVATE NURSING HOMES AND WITH ACTIVE ASSISTANCE OF MEDICAL AND OTHER STAFF OBTAIN UNWANTED CHILDREN BORN THERE IN OFTEN CLANDESTINELY . UNFORTUNATELY NOT MANY PEOPLE EEM TO BE AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF DESTITUTE CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONS LANGUISHING FOR WANT OF A  LOVING HOME . OR THAT THERE ARE COMPETENT CHILD WELFARE WHICH CAN HELP THEM TO FULFILL THEIR DESIRE FOR A CHILD AT THE SAME TIME ENSURING THAT THEIR INTEREST AND THOSE OF CHILD ARE FULLY PROTECTED FROM ALL ANGLES INCLUDING THE IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CONFIDENTIALITY . DETAILS ABOUT SUCH ORGANISATIONS ARE AVAILABLE WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT  OR DIRECTORATE OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND COUPLES SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING ADOPTION WOULD DO BETTER TO APPROACH ONLY SUCH ORGANISATIONS RATHER THAN DEPENDING ON THE DUBIOUS AND UNRELIABLE ASSISTANCE OF UNAUTHORISED PERSONS IN HOSPITALS AND NURSING HOMES . 

IN THE METROPOLITAN CITY LIKE MUMBAI THERE HAS BEEN AN ENCOURAGING RISE IN THE NUMBER IF LEGAL INDIAN ADOPTION TAKING PLACE FROM LESS THAN 25 ADOPTIONS A YEAR TWO DECADES AGO , TO 279 IN 1990  . THE ADOPTION OF GIRL CHILD HAS ALSO BEEN STEADILY ON THE INCREASE , ALTHOUGH IT IS STILL NOWHERE NEAR THE NUMBER OF MALE ADOPTIONS . WITH THE BREAKING OF THE JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM , COUPLES ARE REALISING THAT THEIR SONS WILL NOT NECESSARILY ALWAYS BE AROUND TO LOOK AFTER THEM IN THEIR OLD AGE AND THERE IS AN EQUAL IF NOT BETTER CHANCE OF THEIR RECEIVING LIFE LONG CARE AND AFFECTION FROM A DAUGHTER , AS FROM A SON . THE SITUATION RELATING TO ADOPTION IS MORE CONSERVATIVE CITIES AND TOWNS , AND IN RURAL AREAS , IS STILL PRETTY BLEAK